Filologiya məsələləri – №2

Es un hecho repetido en múltiples ocasiones a lo largo del tiempo, que los compositores españoles tenían a gala su gran capacidad técnica y expresiva para, ateniéndose a las normas establecidas por la armonía y el contrapunto, representar enfáticamente “lo que la letra pidiere”, en el ámbito de la oratoria (Ars bene dicendi) y de la explotación retórica del material musical, siempre en aras de la expresividad. Pero no por ello, los verdaderos “maestros” en la disciplina dejaron, en ocasiones, de utilizar “licencias”, -unas “travesuras” efectuadas con mesura y bien meditadas-, incluso como muestra de su pericia y habilidad, que fueran capaces de las sonoridades más insospechadas e inauditas. Andrés Lorente, organista, decano de la Facultad de Artes de la Universidad de Alcalá y célebre tratadista en el terreno de la teoría musical, ya elogiaba el empleo de la disonancia con estos fines, que, aquí, veremos aplicado a un caso concreto: un “rasgo” de órgano a partir de un “intento cromático” del catalán José Elías (1687c-1755c) , profesionalmente activo en la corte madrileña desde 1725. Se trata de una obra de cierta extensión, que responde a una tipología compositiva poco frecuente, pero que, destaca notablemente por el empleo que hace del recurso cromático y por el peculiar sentido de la mencionada disonancia, lo que la hace particularmente atractiva. La pieza que se presenta, se ha rescatado recientemente del archivo de música de la catedral de La Seu d’Urgell y se ofrece aquí como primera edición realizada a partir de dicha fuente documental. It is a fact repeated on many occasions over time, that Spanish composers displayed their great technical and expressive capacity to, adhering to the rules established by harmony and counterpoint, emphatically represent “what the lyrics ask for”, in the field of oratory (Ars bene dicendi) and the rhetorical exploitation of musical material, always for the sake of expressiveness. But not for that, the true “masters” in the discipline stopped, on occasions, using “licences”, -some “mischief” carried out with measure and well thought out-, even as a sign of their expertise and ability, that they were capable of the most unexpected and unheard sounds. Andrés Lorente, organist, dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Alcalá and famous treatise writer in the field of music theory, already praised the use of dissonance for these purposes, which, here, we will see applied to a specific case: a organ “feature” (rasgo) from a “chromatic attempt” (intento) by the Catalan José Elías (1687c-1755c), professionally active in the Madrid court since 1725. It is a work of some length, which responds to an unusual compositional typology, but which stands out notably for the use it makes of the chromatic resource and for the peculiar sense of the aforementioned dissonance, which makes it particularly attractive. The piece presented here has recently been rescued from the music archive of the cathedral of La Seu d’Urgell and is offered here as the first edition made from said documentary source.

N3 (Filologiya məsələləri)

Z Agayeva Terms related to blood relations “Et-tohfet uz-zekiyye fil-lugat-it turkiyye” Summary One of the works written during the Middle Turkic period is “Ettohfe”. The author and the date of writing are not known exactly. Although many studies have been conducted on “Et-tohfe” in Turkish-speaking countries, there is almost no information available in Azerbaijan. The vocabulary of “Et-tohfe” and the Azerbaijani language are composed of different words and different semantic words. Turkic languages are one of the richest languages in the world in terms of relationship. Terms of relationship are belong to ancient Turkic lexicology. Terminological units that express relationships constitute an important part of Turkic language vocabulary and overall Turkic character. In this article, we’ve compared the terms of the blood relation in “Et-tohfe” and in Azerbaijani language. Our research suggests that terms of relationship that are found in “Et-tohfe” are used today with some phonetic and semantic changes in the Azerbaijani literary language and dialects. In our opinion, this dictionary can be one of the most valuable sources for studying the history of Azerbaijani language.

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Related Papers

Ottoman Sunnism: New Perspectives (ed. Vefa Erginbaş), Edinburgh University Press

This chapter aims to explore the origins, as well as the often-neglected variances, in the meaning of the term “Kızılbaş” within the context of early modern Ottoman literature (defined here as the period from the late fifteenth century to the mid-seventeenth-century). I argue that Ottoman central authorities began to refer the sympathizers (both Ottoman and non-Ottoman) of the Safavid court as “Kızılbaş” immediately before the reign of Sultan Selim I, who changed the nature of the relationship between Istanbul and the Safavid court with open military engagements and economic sanctions. In this earlier context, the term “Kızılbaş” provided the negative labeling that the Ottoman central authority required to identify and pursue the enemy of the “religion and state” (dīn ü devlet), given that the geopolitical legitimacy of Istanbul was at stake with the rapid emergence and expansion of the Safavid state on its eastern frontier. As Guy Burak has cogently argued, this period also corresponds with Ottomans’ adoption of the Hanafi sect (madhab/mezhep) as the official school of law under the aegis of the office of the chief mufti (or shaikh al-islam/şeyhülislam), bridging the gap between the religious and sultanic laws. Therefore, Ottoman policy-makers, more often than not, disguised their non-religious concerns with increasingly sectarian rhetoric provided by various influential members of the same religious elite group. But in the wake of this foundational period, I also argue that after the short reign of Selim I, the Ottoman court embraced a more complex approach to both its Kızılbaş subjects and its rival, the Safavids. In this subsequent era, the term Kızılbaş carried different, and in many cases, conflicting meanings depending on the context, as well as the genre of the documents making these references. These documents include imperial chancery records (mühimme defterleri), edicts (fermans), religious rulings (fetvas), chronicles, and polemical literature, each of which targeted different audiences for different purposes. Therefore, a meticulous examination of the origins and use of the term Kızılbaş in the early modern Ottoman context reveals a significant fluidity in terms of the loyalties of various groups, along with their religious, regional, and political identities, which have often been assumed to be non-existent during the so-called “age of confessionalization” in the Middle East.

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Kelle Paça Çorbası Nedir? Kelle Ve Ayaklar Nasıl Ütülür?

Bilinen en eski kayıtlara göre kelle ve ayakların en eski Türk obalarında, Anadolu halk mutfağında mevlevi mutfağında, Selçuklu mutfağında ve istanbul mutfağında dahi dağlanarak çorba olarak tüketilmiştir. Osmanlı saray mutfağı maaş defterlerinde de daha net olarak gördüğümüz “kelleciler” isimli görevlilerin olduğu bir gerçektir. Devrin en bilgili gurmesi diyebileceğimiz ve almış olduğu notlarından ve konak defterlerinden faydalandığımız Muhsinzade Mehmet Paşanın valilik yıllarındaki defterlerine baktığımız zaman dağlanan ve pişirilen kelle ve paçaların üzerine sinek konmaması için tül bez ile kaplanmasının mecburi olduğu ve eldiven takmayan aşçılara farklı cezalar verildiği hatta kırbaç cezasına dahi mahkum edildikleri kayıtlarda mevcuttur.

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Celebración y sonoridad en Hispanoamérica (siglos XVI-XIX)

Es un hecho repetido en múltiples ocasiones a lo largo del tiempo, que los compositores españoles tenían a gala su gran capacidad técnica y expresiva para, ateniéndose a las normas establecidas por la armonía y el contrapunto, representar enfáticamente “lo que la letra pidiere”, en el ámbito de la oratoria (Ars bene dicendi) y de la explotación retórica del material musical, siempre en aras de la expresividad. Pero no por ello, los verdaderos “maestros” en la disciplina dejaron, en ocasiones, de utilizar “licencias”, -unas “travesuras” efectuadas con mesura y bien meditadas-, incluso como muestra de su pericia y habilidad, que fueran capaces de las sonoridades más insospechadas e inauditas. Andrés Lorente, organista, decano de la Facultad de Artes de la Universidad de Alcalá y célebre tratadista en el terreno de la teoría musical, ya elogiaba el empleo de la disonancia con estos fines, que, aquí, veremos aplicado a un caso concreto: un “rasgo” de órgano a partir de un “intento cromático” del catalán José Elías (1687c-1755c) , profesionalmente activo en la corte madrileña desde 1725. Se trata de una obra de cierta extensión, que responde a una tipología compositiva poco frecuente, pero que, destaca notablemente por el empleo que hace del recurso cromático y por el peculiar sentido de la mencionada disonancia, lo que la hace particularmente atractiva. La pieza que se presenta, se ha rescatado recientemente del archivo de música de la catedral de La Seu d’Urgell y se ofrece aquí como primera edición realizada a partir de dicha fuente documental. It is a fact repeated on many occasions over time, that Spanish composers displayed their great technical and expressive capacity to, adhering to the rules established by harmony and counterpoint, emphatically represent “what the lyrics ask for”, in the field of oratory (Ars bene dicendi) and the rhetorical exploitation of musical material, always for the sake of expressiveness. But not for that, the true “masters” in the discipline stopped, on occasions, using “licences”, -some “mischief” carried out with measure and well thought out-, even as a sign of their expertise and ability, that they were capable of the most unexpected and unheard sounds. Andrés Lorente, organist, dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Alcalá and famous treatise writer in the field of music theory, already praised the use of dissonance for these purposes, which, here, we will see applied to a specific case: a organ “feature” (rasgo) from a “chromatic attempt” (intento) by the Catalan José Elías (1687c-1755c), professionally active in the Madrid court since 1725. It is a work of some length, which responds to an unusual compositional typology, but which stands out notably for the use it makes of the chromatic resource and for the peculiar sense of the aforementioned dissonance, which makes it particularly attractive. The piece presented here has recently been rescued from the music archive of the cathedral of La Seu d’Urgell and is offered here as the first edition made from said documentary source.

filologiya məsələləri – №2

1 АЗЯРБАЙЪАН МИЛЛИ ЕЛМЛЯР АКАДЕМИЙАСЫ М . ФЦЗУЛИ адына ЯЛЙАЗМАЛАР ИНСТИТУТУ ÔÈËÎËÎÜÈÉÀ ÌßÑßËßËßÐÈ № 2 Топлу Азярбайъан Республикасы Президенти йанында Али Аттестасийа Комиссийасы тяряфиндян рясми гейдиййата алынмышдыр (Filologiya elml ə ri b юлмяси , № 13). Азярбайъан Республикасы Ядлиййя Назирлийи Мятбу няшрлярин рейестриня дахил едилмишдир . Рейестр № 3222. « Елм вя тящсил » Бакы – 201 4

Post on 31-Dec-2016

Documents

Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 1 . 2 (Filologiya elmlri b, 13). . 3222. 2014
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 2 : : , , , – , . . , – , . . , – , – , . . , – , . . , . . Fxrddin Veyslli, . . , . . , . . , . . , . prof. , . . , . . , . . , . . Nizami Xudiyev, . . , . . , il..e.d. Paa Krimov, . prof. , . prof. , . , il..f.d. . : filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor, AMEA-nn mxbir zv Teymur Krimli : filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor . , 2014, 2 ISSN 2224-9257 Elm v thsil nriyyat, 2014 www.filologiyameseleleri.com
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 3 [email protected] Aar szlr: , , , , , , , . , . .. (1) . (, , , , , , ) . , , . – -,-, -,-, -,- . -,- (, ) – (, ) . . , , , . (1,80) , . .. . .. , . , , , : , `, `. (), , () . -,- (, -), -, ( ), -,- (, ) . , – . – ,–. -,–, – : –. . , , : . () . : . (2,113-114) . .. . , . . , .. , , . .. . , . . . . . . . . , . . , CVC
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 4 , . , , CV VC . (3,18-51) . .. 6 (V, CV, VC, CVC, VCC, CVCC) . .. : ++ – , + + – , ++ – , +++ – , -+ – , + , + – , ++ – . . , (,, .) , . , .. , 6, 8 . . , : , . , , .(4,25) , . . . : . , , .(4,25) , , . (, ), (), ( , ), (), (), (), ( , ), (), (, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( , ), (), (), ( ), (), ( ) . . . . : , . , , , . , . : . ( ), ( ), ( ?), ( , ) . , ( ) – . . . , . , . , , . , . . : – .(.) – . , , , , , , , . (14,63) , , . . (12, V, 104) – , : , . (.) , . , , . , , ,
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 5 (, ), (, ) . (14, 136) – ( ) ( ) . : () . () – , , : , . (.) , , , , -. (14,99) , . . (12, V,139) , , , . – , : .(.) ~ () (14,129) . – . – : , . (.) , , , , . (14,136) . (.) : (.) , , , , . – : .(.) . . . ` – . (.) , , , , , . : . (.) : . (.) (14,177) – -, . (12, V,275) : : , . . (.) . . , . . . – , , , , . (12,V,277) . . – , – : . () , , , . (14,248) – , , : . (.) () . (.) , -, , . , , . – : . (.) . (14, 306) . – . . – .(.) , . – : . (.) . (.) – : , . (.) . (14,434) – . (.) – : , . , . (14, 458) – () . (.) , , – (/) . : .(.) (14, 483) – , . (12, V,520)
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 6 `. , , – , – . : , . : . (.) , , -, , . (14,495) . , .(12, V,536) – : , . (.) , . . , , -. . , – . – . (12, V,415) – . . (.) , , 9- . () . (14,545) – . (.) . (.) , . . – . (.) . .(14, 543; 549) . , – . , , , . : > . , , , : (). (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) > : – .(.) : :. (.) :. (.) 23 :. (.) > : . (.) > . , , , , , , , , : ; .: :, . :. (.) :. (.) :, . (.) :, . (.) (>, >, >, >) . , . > : . (.) – : , , (5,287) . > . , , : :. (.) , .(.) . , ` . (.) > . , , , , : : : . (.) . (.) , (), (). () . () . (.) . (.) . (.) ? (.)
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 7 > . , , , , . : . (.) : , . . . (.) . (.) , . (.) : . (). (.) . (.) :. (.) > : () .(.) . (.) , :.(.) .(.) : . (.) > : ? . ( ) . . () > : . (.) , . (.) > : . (.) > : .() > : : , . (.) , ? (.) . , . (.) > . , , , , , , , , : (.) , . ? : . (.) . (.) : . () . . – . (.) . (.) . (.) : -. . (.) , . (.) . . (.) . (.) , . (.) > : . (.) > ; : . (.) . (.) () :. (.) () .(.) . (.) . (.) . (.) .(.) > : () . (.) : . :. (.) > : . . (.) . (.) : > : .(.) , (.) . , . (.) > . : – . (). () . (). (). (-). . () . , . . . . : : : . , . . (.) > : . : . (.) > . , , : , . . (.) .(.) . (.) > . , , , , . : . . (.) : ? (.) . () . (.) > . ( ) , , , , , , , , , , -: : . () :. (.) . () . . (.) . -:`. . (.) ? , – . ? . . (.) ,
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 8 . (.) : .(.) .(.) – . (.) . (.) . (.) > : : . . (.) : () :. (.) > : . (.) > : .(.) . (.) . (.) : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) `, `. (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) , -? (.) . (.) > : . (.) > . : . () . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.)1 > : (). (.) . (.) (, , ) . > : . (.) . () : . (.) . (.) > : .(.) . (.) – . , , , , , , , , , : : . . (.) . (.) . () . – (). (.) . . (. ) . . (.) . . (.) : . ( ). . . . (.) . . . ` `. . . (.) :` . (.) . (.) > ; .: : (). , : – : , . (.) . (.) , . (.) : . (.) , , . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) – : . (.) – : : . (.) – . : :- . (.) , . (.) . (.) , . (.) – : . (.) – : . . (.) . . (.) . (.) . . (.) . 1 . > : :. (.)
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 9 (.) , . (.) , . , . . (.) (.) – : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) , , . (.) . (.) . (.) .(.) . (.) : . . (.) . (.) : – . , , . . , , : :. (.) :. (.) : (), `. (.) : (). (.) :. (.) , :
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 10 > : :. :. (.) , . (6,246) > : :. (.) > – , : :. (.) , :, :.(.) > – : :` :`, :` :`? (.) , :`. (.) > – ; .: : , . (.) :. (.) :. (.) : ? (.) :. (.) :. (.) : :. (.) :. (.) :-` . (.) > : – :. :-: . (.) > : : . :. (.) ` :. (.) > – ( – ) ; .: :. :. (.) : . (.) : . (.) – , : : () . (.) – : . () : > , : . (.) > : . (.) . (.) , : , . . (.) . (.) , . (.) : (). (.) : : ().(.) . (.) – . , : , (>) (.) ( – >), . () > – : . (.) . (.) . () , , . () , . (.) . (.) . (.) , . (.) : :, . (.) > , : . (.) ~~ . > : . (.) . (.) , `.(.) .(.) . (.) .(.) .(.) . (.) . (.) >, > : – . (.) (, ). (.) , – . (.) – . , : . . > : () (.) (). (.) : – : . () . (.) (). (.)
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 11 . > . – , , , . (6,308) . , , > – : () . (6.297) > – . (6, 330) , , , , , , , , > , – : , . – – () > () . (6, 286) , , (, , ) . . – . (6,286) .. , > : ( ), ( ). (6,244) : “>. (6,260-262) > > : > . (>) . : > . , -, , , . . (6,271) , , , .. , , -. (6,230) > , — . > : , . (6,296) (, , ) > . > . (6,244) > ( :, . .) , : >. (6,312) , , . > , . , , . : , , . (.) . (.) . (.) > , : .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 12 , () -: . . (.) : . (.) > . .. . . – . .. . : , ( ) (20,98) . , > . (20,99) , IX . , : , – , – , – , . (17,260) : – ? , . , – ? , . ~ . . // , , . , , , . , . – , , . . . , , , , , , , . , . , . (, , , , , , , -, , , , ) . , , . . . . , , . . 1300 , 3300 . , . , -, , . , — , , . . . , . , . VIII . . .. , : , , – , . (4,32) ,
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 13 . , . , , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , -, – , . (-, -, -, -, -, -) , . , , , , ( ) , () , . , . – , . , ( ) , > , . , – , . . . . , , -. . – . , CVC . – , . – , , – , , . , . . – . . . , .. : , , , ; , , . , (-) , .(7,26; 4,32-33) . .. . , . – . . . . , . 😕 . (,) . . .(.) 😕 (.) , . `. (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . . . :.(.) ? (.) , :. (.) . (.) . : . – (.) . . . , . . . -? : . . . :
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 14 . (.) . (.) . . (.) , , , , , , , :, , , , , , , , :, , :, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , . . , : “ , “ , : “ , , , . *** . : 1. ; 2. . . , . , . , . , . . . , , . . . . , : -,- . , . . .: – – .(.) , .(14, 189) . – , ( , ) . : -,- ( ): . . (.) . (.) , . (.) – . . (.) . (.) . (.) . . – . (., .) -:,-: : : :. (.) -,-,-,- : . (.) , . (.) . (.) :. (.) . . (.) . (.) . (.) -,- : . (.) ` . (.) – : . (.) . (.)
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 15 -,-, -,- : , . . (.) :. (.) , . (.) , . (.) . (.) . (.) . . . (.) . . (.) . (.) . (.) . . (.) -. (.) `. (.) . . . . (.) . (.) : . (.) . (.) : . (.) . , . :. (.) . . (.) -:,-:,-:,-: : :. :. :. – :. (.) :.(.) `: . (.) :.(.) :. (.) – : . , . – :. . (.) . . . (.) . (.) -,-,-,- : . (.) (.) . (.) . (.) , – :. (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) , . (.) s.: . (.) . (.) ().(.) . (.) : . (.) . (.) -:,-:,-:-: : : , . (.) : :.(.) :. (.) : . (.) -:. (.) -: -: . -,- : . (.) – . . (.) () . (.) , . (.) . (.) – : : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) -: : :. (.) -,- : , , . (.) . (.) `, : . (.) -,-,- : . (.) . (.) – – . (.) . (.) . (.) -. (.) -,- : , . () , . (.) `. (.) . (.) . (.) : . . (.) , . (.) – : – . (.) – : , . (.) . (.) – : . (.) -: : :. (.) -,- . . .: : . (.) , :. (.) :. (.) . (.) . (.) – . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) :. (.) – :. (.) `:. (.) . (.) – .(.) . (.) , -,- 19 : -:,-:; -,-,-,-; -,-; -; -,-,-,-; -: ,-:,-:; -; -,-,-,-; -:,-:,-:-:; -,-; -; -; -; -,-; – -,-; -; -,-; -; -.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 16 , , -,-, -,-, -,-,-,-, -,- . -,-,-, -,-,-: , , , , -, , , . . -,-,-,-,-,- , -,-,-,-,-,- . (8,380) IX – ? – – , -,- – – . (9) , , . , . – . -,- . -,- . : . (.) :. (.) . (.) : . (.) , . :, (.) – -,- , :, , , , : . , -,- , -,- . -,- . : -,-,- : : . (.) . (.) . (.) : . (.) . (.) :: . (.) . (.) – : , . (.) -: : , :. (.) -,- . , . . -,-,-,- . -,- . -,- . -,- -,- , -,- -,- . , . -,-,-, , ; .: . (.) . (.) . (.) , , . – . -,-,- . – , ; .: ` (). (.) (, ) . (.) (). (.) – . , , -,- , . – (-) . : ? (.) , , : -,- . -,- -,- -,- , – – . . -,- , , . : -,- : : :.(.) . (.) ? (.) .(.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . . (.) , . (.) . (.) : , .(.) : .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 17 -,- : . (.) , .(.) . (.) – . (.) . (.) : , ( ), , . , , , . . -,- : : . (., .) : . . (.) -,- : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) -,- . : -,- : . (.) . (.) . (.) – . (.) . (.) -,- : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) :. (.) -,- : . (.) . (.) .(.) : (), : , . (.) . (.) :. (. .) 1 -,- : , . (.) , . (.) ( ). (.) . (.) :. . (.) :. (.) – : . (.) – : ` – ? (.) , -,- -,- -,- . . , , – – . . – , , (- ) , , . – , – , . -,- — -,- , – – : – ? (.) , – . , – (-) , – -, – , , . (10,274) -,- . -,- . (-,-) , (-) . , . .: , (.) , : (.) , . . . -,-,-,-,- , -, -, – . , . (-) : . 1 . .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 18 -,- . : , . (.) :. (.) . (.) : : . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) > : , , . (.) -,-,-,- . . . -,-,- – , . – . .: . (.) . , . (.) -,- . : , , , . – . . . , – , – . : 1. ( ) ; 2. , ; 3. . 1. . : -,-,-,- . . , ; .: – – ; – – . – : , , . (.) , . (.) , . (.) . (.) . . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) . (.) : ` . (.) . : . (.) , . (.) -. (.) . (.) . (.) -,- . – , : . . (.) :. (.) . (.) – . -,- . – , : . (. ) . (.) . (.) . (.) -,-,-,- . – . , : . (.) . . – . – : – , – . .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 19 -,-,-,-,- . : . (.) . (.) (.) – . (.) , . (.) . (.) : , (). (.) . (.) – : – , – . – . -,- . , – . : ().(.) ()-.(.) – : -:. (.) – – . – . -,- – : . (.) (.) . (.) -,-,-,- . . -,- : , – , – , – . – : . 2. , , . : -,-,-,- . – , , ; .: . (.) . (.) :. (.) : . (.) – , , , ( – () ). (14,484) – – : , . – . – , . ( -,-, – ) : , . . , . . (.) . (.) `, : -. (.) – ; .: . (.) , . (.) :. (.) – – : — – —; — —. – – , ; .: – – — —-, — — —-. – -,- : – , , – . – – , . – – – . , – , – ; .: . (.) : . , . (.) : . (.) , , , , , – . . -+ .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 20 , . . .: (.) . -,- – : (.) . (.) , . (.) . (.) , . (.) – . -+ , , . 3. , . : -,-,-,-,- . – 2- – . , -, . , , , . – , , ; .: : , . (.) . (.) (.) , , . -,-,-,- . , : : . . (.) , . (.) , .(.) :.(.) . (.) :. (.) , . : , : , . (.) . . . (.) , , , , , , , , :, , : . – . . . – -, – , – -, – . (–, — .). – – , , ; .: . . (.) – . -,-,-,-,-,-,- . – . , -. , . : . (.) , . (.) (.) , ; . (.) . (.) , , . – : . (.) : , . . (.) . (.) : (.) – , . . , – . , , . -. -,-,-,- . , . : , , , ;
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 21 : , , , .1 -,- . (), () . -,- . : , . – , , . -,- . , . -,- : , , – (.), – , . (.) (11, 387) . – . – – -,-,- , ; .: -, . (.) . .(.) ` . . . (.) , . (.) :. (.) :, , . (.) : .(.) . (.) – : – , – , : – . – 3- : – ( ). , , – . , . : 1. , , , . . . : . (.) , . (.) . . (.) . (.) . (.) , . (.) . (.) , : . . , , . . () , . . . . (.) .(.) ( ( ) ), ( ) . , , . , . – : , . . (.) . 1 . : , .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 22 . , > : :?(.) 😕 (.) 😕 (.) 😕 😕 (.) , 😕 (.) , 😕 (.) , 😕 (.) ? () , : ? (.) ? (.) , ? (.) ? ? (.) ? ? (.) 😕 , -, 😕 (.) 😕 (.) :- 😕 (.) :. (.) , ? (.) 😕 😕 (.) 😕 (.) :, ? (.) . , , : . . () : . (.) : . (.) , :. (.) 2. -,- . . -,- . : . (.) `. (.) : : ? (.) , 😕 (.) ? (.) : ? (.) , . , – — : . . (.) .(.) . (.) . (.) . (.) -. (.) . (.) :. (.) : . (.) , . . (.) , . (.) `. (.) . , :-. (.) : : `. (.) . (.) : :, . (.) , – (- ) : :. , :. :. (.) – :. : :. (.) :. (.) – : ::`. (.) 3.-,- : , . (.) , . (.) : . (.) 4. -,- : ? (.) . (.) . (.) 5. , , , , , , , . , . , , . . , – : :. (.) :. (.) :. (.) :, :. : . (.) :: . :. :. : . :. , :. : . (.) -:. (.) :. :. (.) :. :. :. : . (.) :. :. :. : :. :. :.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 23 :. (.) -:. :. :. (.) : :. (.) : :. (.) : :. . , () : 😕 :. (.) : ? , 😕 (.) 😕 (.) :. (.) :. (.) :. : :. (.) . : . (.) , . (.) ? ? (.) ? (.) ? (.) . , , : 😕 :`. :`. : . : . : . (.) : . : . (., .) : . : ? (.) : . : . :. : . : . : . :. (.) 😕 , , :. : . (.) :. : . -: ( ) . :. : . (.) :. (.) :. (.) , > : – . (.) . , : , :`. 29- :`. :, ? , :. 😕 (.) :. :. :, :. ` :. :. :- . (.) :. 😕 :. :. (.) . 😕 😕 : . :. , . :. :. (.) :. :. :` . :. , :. :. . , : – :, . : . :. (.) :. (.) :. (.) :. (.) – :. (.) :. :. : – :. (.) :. (.) , . : : . (.) :. (.) :. (.) :. (.) : :.(.) , . : : :. (.) . (.) : . (.) . (.) . . () . (.) . (.) . . (.) . (.) , . (.) 6. . : . (.) . (.) , :, : .(.) . (.) . (.) : – , : . (.) . . (.) . (.) (.) `. (.) : . :. (.) , (). (.) . (.) -. (.) . (.) . (.) – . (.) . (.) .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 24 . (.) ` () . (.) : . : . (.) . . (.) . (.) . . (.) , , : . (.) . (.) , . () . (.) , , , . . . , , . , . , . , – . .. : X-XI , , , , , , , – , . , X-XI , , , . , X-XI , () . (6,247) 1. . , – , , , 1957. 2. , – , , 1962. 3. .. ( XIII ), , , 2003. 4. .. . – , , 1962.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 25 5. .. , , , 1999. 6. . , , , 1968. 7. . , , 1962. 8. , 3- , , , 2012. 9. .. IX , , 5 2013. 10. – . , , , 1988. 11. .. , – , , , 2012. 12. ., –, IV, , 2006. 13. . (. ) // : . . . . , , 1958. 14. , -, , 2007. 15. – , , , 1999. 16. . – , , , 2001. 17. . . , , 2010. 18. . , , , 1981. 19. , , , 2004. Gazanfar Kazimov The Structural Peculiarities of the Verb in the Dialects and Accents of the Azerbaijani Language Summary In this article the simple, derivative and compound verbs have been studied on the basis of the materials of the dialects. A number of the simple verbs used in our dialects differ from the literary language verbs with becoming archaic and sound substitution. Historically the polysyllable simple verbs have been expanded with the help of the voice affixes. The derivative verbs are formed from the nouns and verbs. In this article the affixes forming verbs from the nouns have first been analyzed as the affixes of the voice. Among the compound verbs the tendency of the polysynthesism has been observed. Keywords: derivative verbs, compound verbs, dialects, becoming archaic, sound substitution, the polysyllable simple verbs, the voice affixes, polysynthesism. , , . . . . , , . . Ryi: Nadir Mmmdli filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 26 NIGAR VELYEVA Azerbaijan University of Languages, Doctor of Science, professor E-mail: [email protected] DANCING AS THE BRIGHT MANIFESTATION OF NON-VERBAL COMPONENTS OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Aar szlr: qeyri-verbal kommunikasiya,jestlr, znifadsi, bax, rqs. Key words: body language, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, dance. : , , , , . It is well-known that there are two forms of communication: verbal and non- verbal. Both verbal and non-verbal communications are interrelated, as every utterance is made up of both verbal and non-verbal components, making how you say something just as important as what you say. Verbal communication is the spo-ken word and includes actual words, intended and inferred meanings, tone and vo-cal inflection. For example, the question What are you doing? has different mea-nings depending on tone. In the same time non-verbal communication is ones body language and includes facial expressions. It is used to replace or reinforce verbal communication. Non-verbal communication involves sending and receiving messa-ges without the direct use of words. The wide variety of non-verbal communication channels and the unwritten rules for each make up a complex aspect of interperso-nal communication.For instance, someone directing traffic replaces verbal commu-nication by pointing in the direction one need to drive. However, non-verbal communication may repeat, complement or contradict the words you say. For example, when a speaker points to the west while giving a directive to walk two blocks west, her gesture conveys the same content as her words. A parent may use a negative tone in order to complement the words in his reprimand to a child. A nonverbal cue such as a wink may contradict the positive words of message. Non-verbal communication can also be a substitute for a verbal message. If a person puts her finger to her lips, she is indicating a need for quiet without using any words.Non-verbal communication might be important in any situation involving emotions or attitudes. Non-verbal communication may be conveyed through your general appearan-ce and manner of dress, posture, facial expressions, body movements, eye contact, gestures and touch. Paralanguage, another aspect of nonverbal communication, includes vocal characterizations such as laughing and burping, vocal segregates such as uh-huh, sh-sh-sh or hum and vocal qualifiers including the pitch, volume, tone, tempo and rhythm of your words. Accent, pronunciation and fluency are aspects of paralanguage as well. It is necessary to mention that by right understanding non-verbal communica-tion, even if only implicitly, you will be able to communicate more effectively than you would without this knowledge. You can be a better receiver of the messages ot-hers wish to convey, and you will be able to employ a variety of strategies to get
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 27 your message across as well as to detect whether the message was properly unders-tood. At the same time, non-verbal communication is extremely culture-bound, ope-ning up many opportunities for misunderstandings when people from different cul-tures are involved in an exchange. A single unit of non-verbal communication could have several different meanings depending on who is using it and who is interpre-ting it. So, when you are interacting with people from a different background, it is wise to gain an awareness of some of the basic non-verbal communication patterns in that culture. You should also be hasty to confirm and clarify rather than rely on your assumptions. People, who lack non-verbal communication skills, have difficulties getting along with other men. They may be sending messages they dont intend or misinter-preting others non-verbal messages because they do not understand the unwritten rules for appropriate non-verbal behavior. We can help a child develop non-verbal communication skills through activities such as watching TV without the sound or observing people in a mall or other public place. Discuss what seems to be going on based on gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and other clues. We could also play a game where you say a sentence using different tones and ask the child to identify how the speaker feels or how the meaning changes with the different tones. There have not been very many studies of non-verbal communication, and hardly any have been quantitative. But we pay attention to a study by Albert Mehra-bian in 1971 provided some interesting information about the relative importance of verbal and non-verbal messages in determining the receivers impression of the sen-ders emotions. Specifically, each receiver was asked to assess whether the sender was expressing liking, neutrality or disliking. Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the total influence on this assessment, while tone of voice and visual clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs). However, the three Vs do not cover all the input/output methods previously discussed. The vocal component provides a large part of the auditory information but not necessarily all of it. Similarly, the visual component provides a large part of the non-auditory body language but again, not necessarily all of it. When a verbal message was incongruent with a non-verbal message in Mehrabians study, the non-verbal message determined the outcome. Unfortunately, though, this study is often cited in support of claims about the superior importance of non-verbal communication in general, a subject which it did not address. It only addressed the receivers assessment of the degree of liking or disliking expressed by the sender. Another way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit – precisely defined or implicit – imprecisely evoked. Words are usually explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. However, the gestures were examples of largely explicit communication, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication. Thus, most of the communication performed with words is explicit, while most of the communication performed without words is implicit. Probably for this reason, non-verbal communication is often used to express senti-ments which would not be acceptable if communicated explicitly. A frown, for example, can convey disapproval or disagreement without causing overt hostility.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 28 A more complex classification of non-verbal behavior was suggested by Ekman and Friesen. Five types were described, and were referred to as translatable, illustrate-ve, affect-display, regulator and adapter.Translatable, also called emblem, non-verbal behavior consists of specific actions with known meanings, such as some gestures. Illustrative behaviors are those which effectively demonstrate something, perhaps by drawing a picture in the air, or showing the movement required to perform a task which is under discussion. Affect-display behavior allows others to see the visible effects of emotions, and thus to deduce the nature of those emotions. Regulator actions are those which are designed consciously to control the behavior of one or more other people present, such as holding up a hand to stop someone talking. Finally, adapter behavior consists of actions performed to improve or maintain the comfort or security of the person exhibiting the behavior. This could be something as simple as changing position in a chair, or scratching an itch. Another common non-verbal behavior, which is not specifically included in the above list, is mirroring. This means copying the behavior of another person, such as crossing or uncrossing the arms, or leaning back or forward, during a con-versation. It is often done unconsciously, and it may sometimes reflect agreement or approval. It can also be done consciously, perhaps in an attempt to put the other person at their ease. However, deliberate mirroring behavior can easily appear artificial, and thus be counterproductive. The mechanism of communication is action. In the case of words, the main actions are speaking, writing and typing. In the case of non-verbal communication, actions performed by almost any part of the body can create the vocabulary. For this reason, non-verbal communication is also called body language. Any of the five senses may be involved as inputs, and most parts of the body can create the output signals. Many of the ways in which we respond to these signals may be lear-ned, but others are almost certainly instinctive. We also may distinguish several non-verbal forms of messages: appearance and personal hygiene, distance, posture, movements, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact. They say that the first impression is very right, strong and, generally, very im-portant. Appearance and personal hygiene are two very important sources of non-verbal messages, especially at the time of the initial contact. Most people find it easier to relate to someone who is clean, reasonably well groomed, and dressed in a way which does not elicit strong reactions. Minor health problems such as bad breath or unpleasant body odors can have a disproportionately large effect on a near people. An adverse first impression can be a considerable barrier to the develop-ment of a satisfactory rapport. The damage done in the first few seconds may take hours to undo, and occasionally may mar a relationship forever. The relevant factors are not limited to those mentioned. Almost everything about a person can contribute to the all-important first impression. This includes the so-called object communi-cation created by things like clothes, jewellery and hairstyle. The distance is one of the forms of non-verbal messages. The distance bet-ween one and another person may affect the reception of directly transmitted infor-mation by the receivers inputs. For example, if you are too far apart, you may not be able to hear each others speech clearly. The other inputs can also be affected by
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 29 distance, in similar ways. Position relative to a client also sends quite a few messa-ges of its own. For example, talking to a patient who is in bed, from the corridor, may be interpreted to mean that normal proximity is not desirable. Any number of possible reasons could be imagined for this, such as that the communication is considered unimportant, the patient is thought to be infectious, or the prognosis is so terrible that you cannot bear to face them. Any unusually distant position could have a similar effect. While excessive distance usually has an adverse influence, close proximity may have positive or negative effects. It might suggest friendliness, preparation for a confidential discussion or the natural behavior of a warm and ca-ring personality. On the other hand, it might seem threatening, or even downright offensive, depending on the situation and the person involved. Distance is not the only aspect of the spatial relationship between people. For example, standing above a person who is sitting or lying down may interfere with recognition of facial and ocular expressions and gestures, and may also make the person feel at a disadvantage in various ways. Even when two people are at the same vertical level, their orientation can vary greatly. The main possibilities are face to face, side to side, back to back and all the angles in between. In most situati-ons, having at least an oblique view of the other persons face is highly desirable. Approximately face to face orientation has advantages, as all aspects of both verbal and non-verbal communication are then easier to exchange. However, face to face orientation can seem confrontational, especially if the distance between the two people is small, so an oblique angle may be preferred. Some interviewers prefer to leave the desk altogether and sit side by side with the client, turning their chairs in obliquely. This is less formal, but it makes it more difficult to manage multiple documents, take notes or use a computer. Therefore, in cases where a fair amount of data entry or retrieval is necessary, this would not usually be the ideal orientation. We must also mention that the posture of the body is in some ways analogous to the expression of the face, and provides communicative output in a similar way. Sometimes, an unusual posture may be due to physical or mental illness, but usually it can be controlled consciously, with consequent improvement in communication. Lets consider the following possible postures: standing rigid and immobile; crouching, poised as if ready to escape; slumped in a chair waiting for backache to strike; squatting uncomfortably on the floor and wobbling precariously; or sitting comfortably in a position which allows both relaxation and balance. Of those listed, only the last makes much sense as a posture for good communication. There are many other possibilities, of course, some suitable for good commu-nication and some not. The important thing about posture is that it should provide a stable and comfortable base from which to communicate.It is necessary to mention that tactile communicators may not be far behind, especially in cases where the mo-vement suggests the possibility of contact, or perhaps evokes some aspect of bodily comfort. Auditory and verbal communicators are likely to pay least attention to movements. Moving closer might suggest interest, concern, affection, aggression, deafness or many other things, depending partly on the context and partly on the receiver. Moving away might suggest a lack of interest in the conversation, an unca-ring attitude, fear, dislike, shock, disapproval, considerately allowing the other per-son more space or various other things.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 30 Crossed arms might convey a superior attitude, a closed mind, disapproval, defensiveness, or perhaps just a comfortable position. Immobility might convey a lack of interest, falling asleep, or perhaps very close attention to the other person. Touching ones own face during a conversation is often taken to mean that one is either lying or withholding information. However, it could just as easily be an attempt to hide part of the face because of shyness. For that matter, it could be due to an itch, an attempt to stifle a sneeze or a yawn or perhaps just a self-conscious check on a previously noticed blemish. There is also another moment. It may be the different situation. Actually a deferring of action, which is sometimes taken as a sign of a dishonest answer is a pause before answering. I suppose this could just as well be classified as a Sound Effect, because it affects the rhythm of the auditory component of communica-tion.Anyway, the idea is that it takes time to formulate a good lie, whereas the truth is immediately available. The problem with this theory is that it can also take time to review the question and consider all the facts relevant to a good answer. Conse-quently, honest people might also pause before answering.But some movements, and the consequent changes of position, cannot be avoided without sitting like a sta-tue. Therefore, they form an unavoidable non-verbal background to face to face communication. Sometimes, paying attention to own body language will allow you to catch inappropriate movements of your own before they even occur. For example, if so-meone shares something with you, who you find distressing or disgusting, you may notice some warning signs before you actually react. Gestures are, as it is known, a subset of movements, and a very important one at that. There are two main groups of gestures: the explicit ones, with specific meanings, and the rest, with relatively vague meanings. We have to remember that even the first group can never be trusted completely, as regards meaning, because the meanings of gestures are learned in a haphazard way and are not usually discus-sed very much. Dictionaries of gestures do exist, but they are rarely consulted. Consequently, even explicit gestures may be interpreted by the person receiving them in a way rather different to that expected by the sender. This is much more likely if the two people involved are from different cultu-res. In that case, a specific gesture, such as nodding or shaking the head, may even have the opposite meaning to that intended! Alternatively, a gesture can be explicit in one culture and implicit in another. Therefore, an intended meaning might not be received; or a very specific, but unintended, meaning might, unfortunately, be as-sumed. In general, it is therefore wise to use gestures with extra care whenever they will have to arrive across a cultural border. This is not entirely restricted to people from different countries or with a different primary language. It can also apply to different age groups, or different regions within the same country. If you pay close attention to the other persons body language while you com-municate, you may notice when a gesture misfires. A simple explanation may then resolve the issue. Otherwise, it could interfere, to a varying and unknown degree, with the success of the interview or other interaction; and its repercussions might affect future interactions as well.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 31 For various reasons, especially visibility and dexterity, small movements capable of creating messages mostly involve the hands or face. Like large-scale mo-vements, they cannot easily be avoided, and their avoidance would create its own, rather strange, message in any case. As usual, the best approach is to be as aware as possible of your own output and the ones reactions; as well as somebodys output, and your reactions. The hands are very richly supplied with muscles and nerves, and have a disproportionately large amount of brain devoted to their service. Therefore, it isnot very surprising that they can talk so well! As for the face, it can not only talk, it can also sing and dance. If hands are moving in a way that complements the rest of communication, perhaps by sketching shapes in the air or imitating the subject of words, then they are probably helping. However, if they are flapping around aimlessly, wringing, tapping on the table or cracking their knuckles, they may easily be doing more harm than good. Lack of movement is again significant: a poker face may not say much about the cards held, but it still transmits a message. Various other things which do not in-volve any movement can also contribute messages. Pallor, blushing, perspiration and tears are examples of facial characteristics which contribute to communication without the need for movement. Very tiny face or eye movements can convey quite significant messages, and yet remain unknown to the sender. We investigate common specific gestures which can be made with the hands in Australia. For instance, holding one hand horizontally, palm down and pointing forward, and rocking it slightly from side to side, suggests approximately or so-so. Hooking the upward-facing index finger repeatedly towards oneself, usually called beckoning, means come here. In quite a few cultures, incidentally, all four fingers are used to beckon and in some cultures, the whole hand is used. For instan-ce, in many cultures rubbing the thumb against the first two fingers means mo-ney. Writing in the air with thumb and forefinger opposed is understood by waiters in most countries to mean bring the bill. The eyelids also have a role in non-verbal communication. As well as its ef-fect on the respondents, disapproval or anger can cause the eyelids to move closer together, whether or not a frown is present. They may also move closer together when smiling, of course, or as a result of bright, windy or dusty conditions. The eyelids often move further apart in response to surprise or fear, even though these are not the opposites of disapproval and anger. The upper eyelids are also elevated automatically if the eyebrows are raised, which may occur with surprise, or may be used as an explicit gesture to indicate the idea of surprise. Another thing that the eyelids do is blink. Many factors affect the blink rate, but an unusually fast rate is bound to be noticed, and might be interpreted as anxiety. A slow blink rate is not so noticeable as a fast one, but may also be noticed. Unlike respondent diameter, eyelid movements can be controlled consciously to so-me extent, but only if you pay attention to them. Undoubtedly, eye contact has significant effects on communication. Eye con-tact might be considered as a gesture, or perhaps a particular example of eye move-ment, or just a general aspect of facial expression. Eye contact has different mea-
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 32 nings for different people. It is sometimes used to signify the gravity of a verbal sta-tement. It can sometimes imply that more has been meant, or understood, than can easily be expressed verbally. It can provide a sense of emotional connection, with a variable degree of intimacy. It can also carry the suggestion that no part of the truth is being withheld from the receiver.However, if one makes prolonged eye contact, some people might feel that he/she is trying to stare them down, which is an aggres-sive behavior in most contexts. Others might feel that he/she is looking deep inside them, to a degree which could be perceived as disturbing, intrusive or just plain im-pertinent. Too little eye contact, on the other hand, might give the impression that someone has something to hide, or perhaps that he/she dislikes the other person and want to avoid closer interaction. Alternatively, the other person might assume that one considers them irrelevant and therefore cant be bothered taking much notice of them. Many other interpretations are possible, which makes it all rather confusing. Adding to the potential confusion is the fairly common suspicion that there may be more to eye-to-eye messaging than has yet been scientifically demonstrated. Quite a strong sense of communication is felt by many people during eye contact. It is sometimes reported as a result of quite fleeting eye contact. Usually, the com-munication involved is sensed as implicit, but occasionally there may be an impres-sion of explicit meaning. It could be simply because each person has a good view of whatever the others respondents, eyeballs and eyelids are doing, and therefore noti-ces the messages exchanged in those ways with increased clarity. However, many people feel that there is more to it than that, even though no direct eye-to-eye com-munication input/output method has been demonstrated by means of controlled experimentation at the time of writing.Whatever the reason for the various feelings people have about the eyes; it makes sense to adjust the amount of eye contact of-fered in response to all the clues one has to the respondents comfort or distress. This should help to avoid erring too much in either direction. I think a reasonable starting point is to make fairly frequent, but brief, eye con-tact, and to avoid prolonged eye contact until a fairly good rapport is established. We also must mention that sound effects are importantpart of non-verbal communication. The loudness, pitch, rhythm and timbreof the voice all carry their own messages, as do changes in any or all of them. So does the rate at which the words are delivered, though this might be considered an aspect of rhythm. Complex combinations of these five qualities can convey the attitude of the speaker, such as a superior, timid, accepting or authoritarian attitude, as well as many other fine shades of meaning.Sounds which are not from the voice at all, such as clearing the throat, coughing, sniffing, snorting, sighing, giggling, a sudden inhalation, a sudden exhalation, wheezing, and noises from the gastro-intestinal tract and so on, also contribute to the sum total of the auditory messages which are being received. Sounds from the environment are also significant, especially if they are loud enough to compete with speech. Floor polishers, leaf blowers, loud music and car alarms are some obvious examples, but even a creaking chair, or a loudly ticking clock, might be a distraction in some circumstances. Finally, the absence of sound can be a powerful form of communication. Indeed, silence can sometimes say more than words. However, it must be used with care, as it is easily misunderstood, and can be quite confronting when prolonged.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 33 Extending a silence for long enough to encourage the other person to talk, but not long enough to cause distress, requires some experience and sensitivity, and must be guided, as always, by the non-verbal clues provided by the other person. Tactile sensation, though not usually as important as sight and hearing, is nevertheless a major input. Apart from communicating with words via braille, the tactile input is used almost exclusively for non-verbal communication. Because it is mediated by direct physical contact, its use is governed to a great extent by cultural guidelines relating to such contact. Direct contact might occasionally be misunders-tood, especially by a timid person, as aggression. However, aggressive contact is not usually very ambiguous. By far the most common problem, when communica-ting by touch, is the possibility that it might be misunderstood as having a sexual motivation. This varies enormously, both with culture and with time. Concerns about physical contact depend to a great extent on the gender and sexual orientation of the parties involved. If both are of the same gender, and both are heterosexual, there is relatively little likelihood that well-meant physical contact of a conventional nature will be seriously misunderstood. It might, however, cause embarrassment if the receiver is unused to it. The same usually applies if the person making the contact is female, and the recipient is male – regardless of sexual orientation. When the parties to the transaction are of the opposite gender and the recipient is female, there is a greater risk of misunderstanding, which can have serious results. If tactile communication is interpreted as sexual harassment, it will not only be embarrassing, but could also have legal repercussions; and good inten-tions might prove to be an insufficient defense. Nevertheless, some examples of tactile communication survive. Handshaking, for example, is still widely practiced. It is common when meeting or departing, in a wide variety of situations. It is almost always combined with eye contact, and a face to face orientation is usual when circumstances permit.Although very widespread, handshaking is not devoid of potential difficulties. In some Muslim cultures, for example, handshaking between men and women is not acceptable at all. In any culture, the duration of a handshake could influence its acceptability. If unusually prolonged, it would no longer be a conventional gesture. At some point, it would begin to seem intrusive or eccentric, and ultimately aggressive.The eye contact as-sociated with handshaking, along with any other non-verbal behavior noticed in the other person, should make it clear when the duration of a handshake has become unwelcome. However, like all feedback, this will only work for you if you are paying attention. It is also important to be aware of the possibility of arthritis or osteoporosis when shaking hands, especially in older people, and to apply minimal or even zero pressure as appropriate. This can be done while keeping your own hand slightly stif-fened, which creates a vague impression that a grasp is occurring. Apart from handshaking, it is really very difficult to say what type of physical contact is usually accepted as a part of normal communication in a particular society. For instance, the humble hug gesture has a lot in common with the hands-hake, as it most commonly occurs as an accompaniment to hello or goodbye. In-deed, in some cases, a handshake metamorphoses into a hug in midflight. However it arises, a hug is generally seen as less formal, and friendlier, than a handshake. Ot-
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 34 her common situations which often include a hug are comforting a person who is distressed, and thanking someone for something. Hugging is widely practiced in Australia, and also in many other countries. It is more common in Australia than it is England, but the United States of America probably has the highest hug rate of any English speaking country. They are also less common, in many countries, when both parties are male. The above generalizations may allow an approximate prediction of the likeli-hood of a hug making a positive contribution to communication in a particular case, but they cannot ever provide a definite answer. Fortunately, though, there is a preliminary phase to every such skirmish, when one party, by way of increasing limb trajectory and diminishing range, provides clear evidence of an impending en-gagement!As well as the presence or absence of touch, there is enormous variation in its quality. This is very important. However, there is much point discussing diffe-rent qualities of touch in words. But in this article I would like to investigate a dance as the bright manifesta-tion of body language. Indeed, dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe met-hods of non-verbal communication between humans or animals (bee dance, patterns of behavior such as a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the katas of the martial arts are often compared to dances. Indeed, a dance is one of the old types of the art. It is said that a dance existed before human existence. The first people explained their wishes as a reflex with so-me rhythmic movements. Some birds and animals called their friends by dancing. Comes from Spain a dance pavane of a simple peacock was a famous palace dan-ce in 1500-1600 years. When we analyze the roots of dance it is necessary to emphasize that the first people began to do rhythmic movements reflexively. So, the thought of a magical might in a dance was formed. It was believed that a sense of a magical might in eve-ry dance was created again. After that people began to dance collective with diffe-rent sequence as round, half round, mutual two rows, and waved rows. Some na-tions danced in birth, in adolescence, in marriage and in funeral ceremonies. Some backward tribes did magic dances with repeating the movements of animals for se-veral reasons, at the same time for getting good harvest too. For example, in Shri-Lanka it was believed that magic dances with putting on masks could recover illness. All people formed their senses by influence of dance. As soon as progress having come the religious ceremonies and rites derived from magic dances. We must mention that several rules were existed in dance and during a definite time the dance became the main feature for praying in multi-God religions. Either in marriage, or in funeral and in all other ceremonies connected with the palace as the priests in the praying places, so the slaves in the rich houses have danced.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 35 Firstly dancing for entertainment had begun in Egypt. In after years in old Greece a dance progressed much more. As the main source for religious ceremonies a dance at the same time was a main part of theatre plays. The Greek theatre was appeared from movements which peasants did while planting. With the meaning of I dance in Greek, the word koro was the first movement of the group of actors who danced in stage, relieved and discussed the play with their songs. The term choreography is also a Greek word which means the preparing and making a dance. A dance was also used as a main part of the old Greek soldiers training. As is known, those soldiers were taught to attack as alone, so group rhythmically by means of these dances, the sources of which reached to our age. A great Greek philosopher Platon said: Good singing and beautiful dancing means good-progressed. In old Greece the statesmen, generals, poets and people who gave plays to the theatres were considered as an important people and they danced when had celebra-ting the victory. But the Greeks imitating the Romans took only the forms; they couldnt reflect the soul of Greek art and philosophy to a dance. A dance was used for being known also in the first Christians. But in the 7th century in Roman times the dances forms losing their respect, began to be kept away from church ceremonies. In many countries these prohibitions had been lucky, though in some parts of Spain the dance continued to be a part of rites in Saint Days. In Seville the young said their belief to God while dancing in front of Sanc-tuary. In the traditions of 19th century a dance was almost completely kept away from church ceremonies in Europe and in the USA. In the East a dance was used in religious ceremonies from old times. Here a dance was as the most progressive, so the oldest. In India there are places in some temples, which mean slaves of God. During the years women had grown for ser-ving to God, spending many years to dance and sing songs in religious ceremonies. In 1947 after Indias getting freedom, a great deal of talented dancers (men and wo-men) had appeared as a result of dances reviving as a type of art. It is well-known that the influence of the art of the Middle Asia to the Turkish sagas was much more vividly. The shamanism is a wide spread religion in the Mid-dle Asia and in Siberia. A shaman was a person who recovered various illnesses, managed religious ceremonies, and passed the corpses to the other world. While solving personal and social problems the shaman was both a dancer and an actor in ceremonies for creating a contact with the ghosts, the God. He drummed, did diffe-rent rhythmic movements repeating some melodies. When we investigate Islam and dance, it is the fact that Islam chose the way to forbid the dances as they had close relations to the first religions. But it didnt completely forbid the dance. Semalar appeared from the meaning of music and dance. In many Islam sects the dance are used in religious ceremonies. The most fa-mous of them is mevlevi-semalar. In semasprayes are said, special dressed monks dance turning around. With turning around the monk turn their eyes, at the same time their let palm to the sky, but turn their right palm to the ground. It is difficult to say that semas come only from the art of Islam. It is thought that there is an influence of the first ages and nations in many dances which are used in semas. The
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 36 dance of the first age passed to another age, thousand years ago had going pass the forms of dance are mixed into one another as a whole unit. Investigating dance history we met such names as: FranoisDelsarte, Isadora Duncan, Rudolph Laban. FranoisDelsarte (1811-1871, France) is considered as a precursor by dance history as he invents a theory about the relationship between human movement and feelings. His researches lead him to conclude that to each emotion or mental image corresponds a movement or at least an attempt of it. That idea boosts one of the main ideological components of modern dance at its origins: feelings and their intensity are the cause of movement and its quality. In other words, the source of dance lies inside the dancer, and not outside, in codified gestures, like classical dan-ce would propose. Dance history describes Isadora Duncan(1878-1927) as an emblematic figure of freedom. This is not only because she refuses to follow academic dance educa-tion but because she has the courage to break dance traditions and social codes with her aesthetical propositions. Among the figures that produce the ideological and conceptual basis of mo-dern dance, Rudolph Laban (1879-1958) is considered by modern dance history as one of the most productive of them. As a choreographer, dancer, teacher and re-searcher, he achieves to spread his name and ideas widely: first through Europe, then to the United States and nowadays around the whole world. He publishes seve-ral articles and renowned books that are still important references for dance theory and history. Some of them are: Choreutics, The Mastery of Movement, Educa-tional Modern Dance. His main idea is that human movement is the seat of life and that it expresses the social state of being. Therefore, dance would be a need of com-munitarian experience. To his opinion, educating individuals by the means of move-ment can correct society. In present-day life we often hear: if there is a rhythm – it means a life. It must be mentioned that in dance the word rhythm has the same meaning as in music. Though, it is used to refer to different things. The rhythm can also be the particular form of gathering the beat, together with a certain character or dynamic that gives name to a type of dance, for example: the waltz, the march, etc. In the widest sense, the rhythm is the way in which the temporal factor of movement is organized, including beat, tempo, measure, accents and dynamics. Undoubtedly, the word dynamics when is used as a dance term it expresses the way in which shape of movement is executed. From the point of view of R.Laban efforts theory, there would be four main factors that make up the dyna-mics of movement: space (direct or indirect), time (sustained or sudden), weight (light or strong) and flow (free or bound). The combination of these 8 possible ways of executing any movement would create the variations in its dynamics. Laban gave a name to 8 basic actions that would result from these combinations, to give an example of the difference between dynamics: punching, floating, pressing, flicking, gliding, slashing, dabbing and wringing. Outside Labans theory, dynamics would also refer to movement qualities associated withexpressive, affective or other physi-cal components.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 37 It must be mentioned that facial expressions are very important in dance. The most expressive national dances are Indian. But, I think, that it is observed in most national dances. Movements of the face could be thought of as analogous to gestures, or perhaps as a subset of gestures. Either way, they are of immense importance in communication. Some, such as a smile, a frown or a raised eyebrow, include a considerable proportion of explicit meaning, while others are mainly or wholly implicit. Importantly, even when an expression has an explicit meaning, that meaning is not usually the whole story. Instead, the explicit meaning acts rather like a framework, within which the overall meaning can be varied quite a lot. Movements of the eyeball itself, in response to the information processing consistent with different communication styles, have been discussed previously. These eye movements can probably also be influenced consciously to some extent, but it is unlikely that anyone could maintain good control over them all the time. Apart from any information they yield about a preferred communication style, they might conceivably also contribute to unconscious non-verbal communication. References 1. Adams P., Heaton B. &Howarth P. Socio-cultural issues in English for acade- mic purposes. London: Macmillan, 1991. 2. Brislin R. & Yoshida T. Intercultural communication training: An in- troduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994. 3. Carnie Andrew Hay. Non-verbal predication and head-movement. MIT, Ph.D.thesis, 1995. 4. Collier M. J. Cultural identity and intercultural communication. Belmont, 1997. 5. Ekman P. & Friesen W.V. The repertoire of nonverbal behaviour: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1, 1969, p.49- 98. 6. Mehrabian A. Silent messages. Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 1971. 7. Risager Karen. Language and Culture: global flows and local complexity. Mul- ti-lingualMatters, 2006. 8. Samovar L. A., Porter R. E. Communication between cultures, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: WadsworthPress, 2004. 9. Volk Terese M. Music, Education and Multiculturalism: Foundations and Principles. OxfordUniversityPress, 2004. 10. .. , 1980. 11. .. , , 2008. 12. .. , , 1999. Nigar Vliyeva Rqs – mdniyytlraras nsiyytin qeyri-verbal komponentin parlaq tcssm kimi Xlas Qeyri-verbal kommunikasiya biliklri olmayan insanlar nsiyyt zaman ciddi problemlrl zlirlr. Rqs qeyri-verbal nsiyytin bir nvdr ki, burada jestl-rin, zn, gzn, qan ifadsi informasiya dayclardr. Sizin diqqtiniz tqdim
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 38 olunmu mqal rqsin tarixinin tdqiqin, bugnk inkiaf sviyysin v vziy-ytin, masir mdniyytlraras mnasibtlrind rolunun thlilin hsr olunur. , , – . – , , , , . , , , , -. Ryi: filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 39 XANIM CLLOVA TAHR ZAROVA ADU [email protected] com NGLS ATALAR SZLR, ONLARIN SEMANTK MNALARI V AZRBAYCAN DLND EKVVALENTLR Aar szlr:atalar szlri, qrammatik qurulu, semantik mna, ekvivalent, dbi irs, leksik mna. Key words: proverbs, grammatical structure, semantic meaning, equivalent, lite-rary heritage, lexical meaning. : , , , , , . Atalar sz xalqn yaratd v srlrdn bri zn hyat dsturu etdiyi hikmtli v mcuzli szlrdir. Mvzu muxtlifliyi il yana bitmi fikir, mu-mildirm v ntic atalar szlrin xas olan chtlrdir. Atalar szlri xalqn hyatda snanm, mdrik v nsihtli fikirlrindn ibart olur v byk xlaqi-tr-biyvi hmiyyt dayr. sas xsusiyyti hcmc kiikliyi, lakin mnaca hikm-tli v nsihtli olmasdr. Atalar szlrin trif vermzdn vvl mxtlif xalqlarn bu anlay bard bzi tsvvrlrini siz xatrlatmaq istyirik. Atalar szlri Qurana girmz amma Quran yannda gedr. (Azrbaycan) Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience. (Atalar szlri gndlik eks- perimentlrin qzlardr. ) (Holland) Proverbs are the salt in the language. (Atalar szlri dilin duzudur. ) (rb) . (Atalar szlri olmasa yaamaq olmaz. ) (Rus) Atalar szlrin mxtlif mnblrd mxtlif cr triflr verilir. Btn deyi- lnlri mumildirrk atalar szlrinin sas xsusiyytlrini bel xarakteriz et-mk olar. Atalar szlri lakonik ifad olunmu, ritmik v rifmik tkil olunmu, nitqd dayanql istifad olunan, ibrtamiz mna ifad edn xalq klamdr. Atalar szlri hyati situasiyalarn modellridir. Fransz yazs A. Rivarol demidir: Atalar szlri btn xalqlarn tcrb v sritliliyinin mhsullar, b-tn srlrin dsturlara evrilmi salam mnasdr. Hr bir xalq zngin irs malikdir. Hr bir xalqn, hr bir mdniyytin z-nmxsus atalar szlri, klamlar, mdrik deyimlri vardr. Bu atalar szlri, bu deyimlr hmin xalqn tarixini, mdniyytini, yaam trzini ks etdirir. Bu atalar szlrini yrnmkl hmin xalqn zngin dbi irsi il yaxndan tan olmaq, onlarn briyytl bal dnclrini myynldirmk mmkndr. Bu mqa-lmizd biz n ox istifad olunan ingilis atalar szlrindn shbt aacaq, onlarn mnalarn myynldirck, ilnm yerlrini aradracaq v Azrbaycan dilin-d ekvivalentlrini tapmaa alacaq. ngilis dilind atalar szlri mxtlif qrammatik qurululara malik olur. M-sln:
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 40 1. mr cmlsi, inkar formada: Don’t bite the hand that feeds you Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth Don’t put all your eggs in one basket Don’t put new wine into old bottles 2. mr cmlsi, tsdiq formada: Laugh and the world laughs with you, weep and you weep alone. Look before you leap. Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. Talk of the Devil, and he is bound to appear. Cut your coat to suit your cloth. 3. Paralel ifadlr: Easy come, easy go Like father, like son No pain, no gain Out of sight, out of mind Another day, another dollar 4. Nqli cmllrd: God helps those who help themselves Cowards may die many times before their death An apple a day keeps the doctor away April showers bring forth May flowers Still waters run deep Qeyd etmk lazmdr ki, bzi ingilis atalar szlrinin qrammatikas dilin tipik qrammatik qaydalarna uyun glmir. Bu qbildn olan atalar szlrind bir ox qrammatik elementlrin ilnm yeri frqli olur, bzn is bu qrammatik elementlr sadc olaraq ildilmir. Bu, atalar szlrind ifad olunan fikrin, ideyann daha qabarq, daha aydn v daha maraql kild tqdim edilmsin xidmt edir. Msln: 1. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. (Byk insanlarn byk d drdi olur) 2. So many countries, so many customs. ( N qdr lk varsa, o qdr d adt var. ) 3. After death doctor. ( Toydan sonra naara. ) 4. Long hair and short wit. ( Dvcn boyun olunca, dymc aln olsun. ) 5. New lords, new laws. (Tz sprg, tmiz sprr. ) ngilislr atalar szlrindn istifad edrkn bzn onlar tam kild deyil, yarmq kild, yni atalar szlrinin bir hisssini iltmkl kifaytlnirlr. M-sln; onlar All is fair in love and war ( Sevgid v mharibd hr ey daltli-dir ) vzin All is fair ifadsini v ya A rolling stone gathers no moss (Di-yirlnn da zrin mamr ymaz ) vzin A rolling stone ifadsini ildirlr. ngilis atalar szlrini yrnrkn, onlar aradrarkn , onlarn semantik m-nalarn ttqiq edrkn aydn olur ki, byk inkiaf mrhlsi keirmi ingilis dili il birlikd atalar szlri d hr dvrd dilin ifad trzindn v slubundan asl ola-raq dyiikliklr uramdr. Buna gr d ingilis dilind bzn bir atalar sznn
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 41 mxtlif variant mvcuddur. Msln, Claw me and Ill claw thee v Wink at mine and Ill not see your faults atalar szlrinin hr ikisi Azrbaycan dilin l li yuyar, l d z kimi trcm edilir; v ya Diamond cut diamond v When Greek meets Greek then comes the tug of war atalar szlrinin bizim dilimizdki ekvivalenti da qayaya rast glibdir; v ya If things were to be done twice all would be wise v Wise after the events ingilis atalar szlrin Azrbaycan didlind mslmann sonrak al, daldan atlan da topua dyr kimi rast gl-mk olar v s. Bu mqalmizd biz mlliflr ingilis atalar szlrini daha dqiqlik-l aradrmaa, onlarn semantik mnalarn aydnladrmaa v hmin atalar szl-rinin z dilimizdki ekvivalentlrini dqiqldirmy aldq. ngilis atalar szlri-ni yrnmk, onlar drindn aradrmaq v yeri gldikc danqda onlardan geni kild istifad etmk ingilisdilli xalqlarn tarixi, mdniyyti, dnclri haq-qnda trafl mlumat ld etmy kmk gstrir. Bununla yana atalar szlrini v deyimlri yrnmkl ingilis dilinin n qdr mrkkb qrammatik qurulua eyni zamanda n qdr zngin leksik qurulua malik olduunun ahidi oluruq. Bir szl, atalar szlri v msllr ingilis dilini yrnmk istynlr n xsusul hmiy-ytlidir, mki onlar danq dilini daha da obrazl, mnal v canl edir. Odur ki, min illrin snandan keib gln ingilis atalar szlri v msllr bu gn d z hmiyytini saxlamaqdadr. Bzi ingilis atalar szlrinin Azrbaycan dilind tam qarl olmad n onlarn yrnilmsind d myyn tinliklr, myyn problemlr qarya xmdr. rsy gtirdiyimiz bu mqald n ox ilk, gn-dlik hyatda ilnmsin ehtiyac duyduumuz atalar szlrini dilin materiallar sasnda sistemli kild tqdim etmiik. ndi is aradrdmz bzi ingilis atalar szlrini v onlarn Azrbaycan dilindki qarlqlarn nzrdn keirk. 1. “When in Rome, do as the Romans. ” – Act the way that the people around you are acting. This phrase might come in handy when you’re traveling abroad notice that people do things differently than you’re used to. – Palaza brn, elnn srn, Romadasansa, Romallar kimi davran. 2. “Better late than never. ” – This one’s clear, too. Bu atalar sznn dilimizd iki trcm versiyas var: He olmamaqdansa, gec olma yaxdr v ya gec olar, gc olar. 3. “There’s no place like home. ” or East or West home is best – Your own home is the most comfortable place to be. – Bu atalar szlrinin hr ikisi Azr-baycan dilind d geni istifad edilir v Vtn viran d olsa, msldir, mhz cnntdir; z bucam, toz bucam; Gzmy qrib lk, lmy Vtn yax kimi trcm edilir v z Vtnini sevmk, doma torpaqlar qorumaq, yaad yerin qdrini bilmk mnasn ifad edir. Bu atalar szlrin mnaca yaxn olan daha bir atalar sz vardr: Every bird likes its own nest v onun dilimizdki qarl beldir: Hr ks z yuvas xo glr. 4. “The early bird catches the worm”, Quick rise, earn well, He that will thrive, must rise at five or Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise – You should wake up and start work early if you want to succeed. Bu atalar szlri uur ld etmk istynlr n tez durman faydal, olduqca hmiyytli olmasndan danr v dilimiz tez duranla tez evl-nn uduzmaz v ya yuxudan tez duran yax da qazanar kimi trcm edilir.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 42 5. “Birds of a feather flock together. ” – People like to spend time with ot-hers who are similar to them. Bu atalar sz sasn xasiyytc bir-birin uyun gln, davranlr eyni olan insanlar haqqnda ildilir vonun dilimizdki ekvi-valenti budur: Su axar, uxurun tapar. 6. “Easy come, easy go”, More haste, less speed (The more haste, the less speed) – When you get money quickly, like by winning it, it’s easy to spend it or lose it quickly as well. – ngilisdilli xalqlar arasnda bu atalar sznn digr bir versiyasna Lightly come, lightly go versiyasna da rast glmk olar. Bu, asan yolla ld olunan uurun, zhmt kmdn qazanilan var-dvltin tez bir zamanda, yni gldiyi kimi gedcyi anlamnda ildilir. ngilis dilind bu atalar szlrinin mxtlif versiyalar olduu kimi onlarin Azrbaycan dilind qar-lqlar da mxtlif crdr: Haynan gln, banyan gedr, Hayla gln, huyla ge-dr, Asta gedn uzaq gedr. 7. “Two heads are better than one”, Many men, many minds, Four eyes see more than two – When two people cooperate with each other, they come up with better ideas. Bu atalar szlrind mslhtl grln iin faydasndan shbt alr v Azrbaycan dilin Al aldan stndr v ya Mslhtli don gen olar kimi trcm edilir. 8. “Honesty is the best policy. ” – Don’t lie, never tell a lie, it is not polite to tell a lie. – Bu atalar sz dzgnlyn insan hyatnda n qdr nmli olmasn vurulayr v dilimiz Dzgnlk n byk siyastdir kimi trcm edilir. 9. “Don’t count your chickens before they hatch”, Catch the bear before you sell its skin, First catch your hare then cook him – Your plans might not work out, so don’t start thinking about what you’ll do after you succeed. Wait until you’ve already succeeded, and then you can think about what to do next. – Bu atalar szlrinin mxtlif variantlarda ildilmsin baxmayaraq onlarn hams eyni mnan ifad edir. Onlarn ana dilimizdki ekvivalentlrini d bir ne variant-da vermk mmkndr: Ccni payzda sayarlar, vvl dovan tut, sonra dri-sini soy 10. “There’s no time like the present”, Dont put till tomorrow what you can do today, Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today – If you need to do something, don’t wait until later. Do it now. – Bu atalar szlri iin vaxtnda grlmsinin hmiyytini vurulayr v dilimiz Bu gnn iini sabaha qoyma kimi trcm olunur. 11. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet, A cat in glo-ves catches no mice, He that will eat the kernel must crack the nut, He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree, No pains, no gains, No sweet without some sweat, He who would search for pearls must dive below. – If you want to do something you have to work hard, you must do you best in order to succeed something. You have to do things yourself to control the quality of the results. Mnaca eyni olan bu atalar szlri Azrbaycan dilin bel trcm edilir: Zhmtsiz bal yemzlr, Knl balq istyn quyruunu suya salar, l-myn dilmz, krsn zhmtin, grrsn bhrsin, Bal istyn ardan qorxmaz. 12. “Never look a gift horse in the mouth. ” – If someone offers you a gift, don’t question it. – By vern atn diin baxmazlar
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 43 13. “God helps those who help themselves. ” – Don’t just wait for good things to happen to you. Work hard to achieve your goals. Bu atalar sznn quruluu il semantic mnas bir-birini tamamlayr, yni mqsd atmaq n hr bir insane var gc il almal, lindn glni sirgmmlidir. Bu atalar sz dilimiz Sndn hrkt, mndn brkt kimi trcm edilir. 14. “Too many cooks spoil the broth”, Everybodys business is nobodys business – When there are too many people trying to lead and give their opinions, it’s confusing and leads to bad results. Jobs and projects should have one or two strong leaders. Evd arvad iki olanda ev sprlmmi qalar, Hr iin bir bilni olmaldr v ya Apaz ox olanda xrk it olar. 15. “If you want something done right, you have to do it yourself”, You need not send a boy to do a mans job – Don’t trust other people to do important things for you. You have to do things yourself to control the quality of the results. – Bu atalar sznn hrfi trcmsi beldir: gr sn snin n hmiyytli olan bir iin nticsinin gzl olmasn istyirsns o ii he kim hval etm, ks halda ntic uursuz ola bilr; al z iini zn grsn. Bu fikri daha obrazl, daha qabarq kild atdrmaq n biz uaa buyur, dalnca yyr ifadsindn istifad edirik. 16. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you. ” – If someone’s paying you or helping you out, you have to be careful not to make them angry or say bad things about them. q gln yer barmaq txamazlar, rk vern li ksmzlr. 17. “People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. ” – Don’t criticize other people if you’re not perfect yourself. – Dym taxta qapm, dymyim dmir qapn, Oturduun buda ksm, Yediyin qaba tprm 18. “Still waters run deep. ” – Some rivers have rough surfaces with waves. That’s usually because the water is shallow and there are rocks near the surface. But deep rivers have no rocks near the surface and the water is smooth and still. “Still waters run deep” means that people who are calm and tranquil on the outside, often have a strong, “deep” personality. Bu atalar szn diqqtl fikir versk insan xarakterinin zahiri v daxili xsusiyytlrinin gzl tsvirin v bnztmsin rast glrik. Bu, atalar szndki drin mnaya dlalt edir. Onun Azrbaycan didlindki ekvivalenti beldir: Suyun lal axan, adamn yer baxan. 19. “Where there’s a will there’s a way. ” – If we have the determination to do something, we can always find the path or method to do it. – Bu atalar sz hr bir uurun insann istyindn asl olduunun bariz nmunsidir. Atalar sz-nn dilimizdki qarl z dolunliu baxmndan digr atalar szlrindn frql-nir. Arzu olan yerd yol da olar, obann knl olsa tkdn pendir tutar, Niyytin hara, mnzilin ora. 20. “Tell me who you go with and I’ll tell you who you are”, A man is known by the company he keeps, As a man is so is his company – like minds stick together. Bu atalar sz yuxarda qeyd etdiyimiz “Birds of a feather flock together” atalar sz il yaxnmnaldr v hyatda dostluun v dostun seilmsi-nin hmiyytindn bhs edir. Azrbaycan dilind qarl: Yoldan mn de, snin kim olduunu deyim. 21. “Good things come to those who wait”, Everything comes to him who waits – Be patient. Bu atalar sz sbr etmyin faydasndan, hmiyytin-
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 44 dn v vacibliyindn xbr verir v Azrbaycan dilin Sbr el halva bir, ey qora, sndn, bslsn atlas olar tut yarpandan, Sbr edn hr ey nail olar, Sbr edn frac tapar kimi trcm edilir. 22. “If the stone fall upon the egg, alas for the egg! If the egg fall upon the stone, alas for the egg!” – Life just isn’t fair, and this realistic Arabic proverb recognizes that. The stone will always break the egg. Life’s like that! 23. As you sow you shall mow, As you brew, so must you drink, As you give, so you receive, As the call, so the echoAs the tree, so the fruit, As you make your bed, so you must lie on it If you do anything, whether it is good or bad, youll see the result yourself. – Bu atalar sz Azrbay-can dilind bir ne variantda ifad olunur: N tkrsn ana, o da xar qa-na, N krsn, onu da birsn, Ot kk st bitr, z czandr, k. 24. “Discretion is the greater part of valor”, Caution is the parent of safety – Sometimes it’s important to know when to give up and run away, instead of always acting brave and maybe getting hurt. Bu atalar sz dilimiz Ehtiyat igidin yaradr, Ehtiyatn ldn verm kimi trcm edilir. Apardmz aradrmalar zaman mlum olmudur ki, bzi ingilis atalar szlrinin bir deyil, bir ne variant mvcuddur. Bel hallara tkc ingilis dilind deyil, Azrbaycan dilind d rast glmk mmkndr. Biz bu mxtlif variantlar bir yer toplayaraq onlar sinonim klind mqalmiz daxil etmiik. Bzi atalar szlrinin yalnz trcmsini vermkl kifaytlnmiik, bzi atalar szlrini is izahl kild tqdim etmiik. dbiyyat 1. Azrbaycan klassik dbiyyat kitabxanas, 20 cildd; Azrbaycan SSR Elmlr Akademiyas Nizami adna dbiyyat nstitutu, Elm nriyyat, Bak , 1982. 2. dbiyyatnaslq terminlri lti, Azrbaycan Dvlt Nriyyat, Azrnr, 1965. 3. Abasquliyev T. ngilis atalar szlri v onlarn Azrbaycanca, rusca qarlqlar, Elm nriyyat, Bak, 1981. 4. Abbasov A. Q. Dictionary of English-Azerbaijani proverbs and sayings, Bak, 2009. 5. Collins V, H, A book of English dioms, London, 1960. 6. Mustafayeva S. Grammar through Proverbs, Science and Education, Baku, 2012. 7. Azrbaycanca-ingilisc ingilisc-Azrbaycanca mxtsr frazeoloji lt, Azrbaycan Dvlt Tdris-Pedaqoji dbiyyat nriyyat, Bak, 1962. 8. Mrdov Y. Alman dilind atalar szlri v onlarn ingilis, Azrbaycan v rus dillrind qarlqlar, Bak, 1997. 9. . . – , , 1967. 10. www. phrases. org. uk. 11. www. phrasemix. com. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/proverb. 12. www. englishclub. com/reading/proverbs-meaning.
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 45 Khanim Jalilova Tahira Zairova English Proverbs, their Semantic Meanings and their Equivalents in Azerbaijani Summary The article deals with the English proverbs, their semantic meanings, their usage in different situations and their equivalents in Azerbaijani. It is noted that learning proverbs can also help to understand the way that people in English-speaking cultures think about the world. A proverb is a short sentence based on long experience. (Miguel de Cervantes). Proverbs are short statements of wisdom or advice that are transmitted from generation to generation and have passed into general use. In the article we gave not only the translation of the proverbs but also their explanations. , , , – . – . -. -, . – , . Ryi: Professor Fikrt Cahangirov
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 46 [email protected] ru Aar szlr: mqsd, taprq, thsil, mrhl, drs, tkrar, vvlki, bilik, nitq faliyyti, alma : , , , , , , -, , , Key words: task, aim, purpose, problem, training, stage, lesson, repetition, elementary, knowledge, oratoral activity, exercise. , – . , – : , – , . -, , . – – , . – , -. . . . : ) – ; ) – ; ) ; ) ; ) . , , – , -, . . , , , . –
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 47 , , – , . -; , -, , , . , – (1). , , – , , , , – . -, . . , – , . , , , – – . – , , . – , – . – , , . , – . – , , – . – , . , -, . , , . , – , . , , . , , , .
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 48 – – , , – , – . , – , – , . ( . , [] [], [] [], [] [] . . , – / , / , . , . . , . , , , , . – . , , – , , , . . , , – . . , , , , , – . . ; , ( 1- 2- ), ( – ). . , – , – . – . , – , , . . ,
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 49 , . . – , , . , , , , . – , . , . . . , , : – ; ; . – . . . . . , – . , – . , . . -, , . . , – , , , . – – . -, ( , : [] [], , . . , – . . , – , , . , , (2). – , – .. ,
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 50 . , – , , , . – , , , – , , – . – , . -. , – . , -, , -, . , , – . – . – , . ( -; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , , .), , . – , , . – , . – . , . , . , , — . 1- , . , . . , . – , , –
Filologiya msllri 2, 2014 51 . . . . – . , . . -, – , , . . – , (3). – , . . , , – – . – : 1. – ; 2. , ; 3. , . 4. ; 5. , ; 6. . , , – . – .

filologiya məsələləri – №3

1 АЗЯРБАЙЪАН МИЛЛИ ЕЛМЛЯР АКАДЕМИЙАСЫ М . ФЦЗУЛИ адына ЯЛЙАЗМАЛАР ИНСТИТУТУ ÔÈËÎËÎÜÈÉÀ ÌßÑßËßËßÐÈ № 3 Топлу Азярбайъан Республикасы Президенти йанында Али Аттестасийа Комиссийасы тяряфиндян рясми гейдиййата алынмышдыр (Filologiya elml ə ri b юлмяси , № 13). Азярбайъан Республикасы Ядлиййя Назирлийи Мятбу няшрлярин рейестриня дахил едилмишдир . Рейестр № 3222. « Елм вя тящсил » Бакы – 201 4

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Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 1 . 3 (Filologiya elmlri b, 13). . 3222. 2014
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 2 : : , , , – , . . , – , . . , – , – , . . , – , . . , . . Fxrddin Veyslli, . . , . . , . . , . . , . prof. , . . , . . , . . , . . Nizami Xudiyev, . . , . . , il..e.d. Paa Krimov, . prof. , . prof. , . , il..f.d. . : filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor, AMEA-nn mxbir zv Teymur Krimli : filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor . , 2014, 3 ISSN 2224-9257 Elm v thsil nriyyat, 2014 www.filologiyameseleleri.com
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 3 NADL ZAMANOV Tibb elmlri zr flsf doktoru, dosent [email protected] HEDR LYEVN NTQND SNONMLR Aar szlr: Heydr liyev, nitq, sinonimlr. : , , . Key words: Heydar Aliyev, speech, synonyms. Dild sinonimlrin hmiyyti bykdr. Mlumdur ki, anlaylar mxtlif mna alarlarna malik ola bilir. Bel mna alarlarn sinonimlrl daha dqiq ifad etmk hm fikrin reallamas, hm d mnann baqasna atdrlmas chtdn byk hmiyyt ksb edir (1). Natiq hr hans bir mtlbi akarlayarkn daha mnasib szlrdn-sino-nimlrdn, antonimlrdn, frazeoloji birlmlr v iarlrdn, digr mcazlardan v sairdn istifad etmyi bacarmaldr (2) Sinonimlr Azrbaycan dilinin znn tbitind, varlnda mvcud olan ox zngin v ox da geni slubi imkanlar olan leksik-semantik sz qruplarndan biridir. Heydr liyevin nitqind dilimizin bu znginliyindn ustalqla istifad olunur (3). Siyasi natiqliyimizin banisi Heydr liyevin nitqlrind sinonimlrin y-rnilmsi tk-tk elmi mqallrd iqlandrlsa da kompleks kild yrnilm-midir. Heydr liyevin xlarnda znmxsus sinonimlr z xr, byk natiq Azrbaycan dilind sinonimlr yaratmaq ansnn bir daha byklyn gstrir: Fitri, parlaq istedad, ox nadir xsusiyyt malik olan istedad, eyni zamanda n gnc yalarndan yazb-yaratmaq zmi Smd Vurunu qsa bir zamanda xalqmzn sevimli airin evirmi v o, hm Azrbaycanda, hm d bir ox xarici lklrd tannm, saylan bir insan olmudur Heydr liyev nitqind sslnn sinonimlrin bir mziyyti, bir znmx-susluu ondan ibartdir ki, sinonimin ikinci v nc trflri izah xarakterind olur. Msln byk natiq vtnda mharibsi deyirs sonrak sinonim qarda qannn axdlmas frazeoloji ifadsi il vzlnir: Bir df 1993-c ild evrili etdilr. Xalq Cbhsini hakimiyytdn yxdlar. O vaxt mni dvt etdilr v mn glib vtnda mharibsinin, qarda qan axdlmasnnn qarsn aldm. Heydr liyev nitqind el mqamlar olur ki, sinonim crglrl bznmi cmllr ardcl olaraq dzlr: lkd el tikintilr, qurular, obyektlr olur ki, onlarmyyn bir sahy xidmt edirlr. Dnya mumiyytl, quruculuqla, tikib yaratmaqla, yaayb, inkiaf edibdir. Yer zrindki tbii srvtlr tbit, ilahi tr-
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 4 findn yaradlbdr. Ancaq torpan , yerin, krreyi-rzin zrind yz illrl, min illrl qurulanlar insanlarn zhmti, iradsi, zkas, onlarn llri il yaradlbdr Heydr liyev dilind btn nitqlrin hakim olan izahedicilk sinonimlrin ilnmsind d zn gstrir. nkiafn gediind sray kimi qbul olunan inqilabda radikallq elementlrini nzzr arpdrmaq mqsdil bazar iqtisadiyyat-na keidin znd d radikall nzr arpdrr: Hesab edirm ki, bu, inqilabi, radikal bir addmdr. Nitqin gediind byk natiq gah mumilk, loru gah da yksk kitab leksi-kasnda olan szlri sinonimldirir. Dinlyicilr n lav izaha, rh ehtiyac qalmr: Ancaq biz n edk ki, Qrbi Almaniya kimi iqtisadi chtdn gcl, dv-ltli Qrbi Azrbaycanmz olmayb ki, bizi- Azrbaycan z yedyin, himaysin alsn, z tcrbsini bilavasit versin ki, nec edk. Burada yedk loru, himay is kitab leksikasdr ki, auditoriya bel sino-nimlri maraqla qarlayr. Bir ictimai-iqtisadi formasiyadan digrin keid btn sahlrd olduu kimi dililik sahsind d zn gstrir. Bel ki, keid dvrnd hyatmzn btn sa-hlrind olduu kimi iqtisadiyyat sahsind d yeni terminlr , yeni sinonim crg-lr i dr: Azrbaycanda srbst iqtisadiyyat, bazar iqtisadiyyat, sahibkarlq prinsiplri yaranacaq, brqrar olacaq v inkiaf edckdir. Byk natiqin dilind sinonimlr tkrarlarla ulalaa, yksk nitq effekti yarada bilir: Strateji nqteyi-nztdn is Ermnistan tcavznn qarsnn alnmas n Adam bhsiz ki, ox hmiyytli bir nqt idi. Adam qorunmal idi,Adam saxlanlmal idi, Adam mdafi olunmal idi. Adamn ial yolveril-mz idi. Sinonim crglr zlynd nitqin tsir gcn artrr. Bu crglr tkrarlan-dqca tsir gc daha da ykslir: Trkiy Azrbaycann haqq, dalt iini ds-tklyib, mdafi edibdir. Trkiy Minsk qrupunun, ATT-in zv olaraq btn beynlxalq tkilatlarda Azrbaycann daltli iini daim dstklyib, mdafi edibdir. Byk natiqin dilind sinonimlr antonimlrl d ulalar. Mhz antonimlr sinonimlri mhkmlndirmk yolunda mhm leksikoloji vahidlr evrilir: Onlar bu ii mtkkil apara bilslr, hrbi hisslrd lazmi i grrk trbiy, xlaq, mnviyyat msllrini dylr alaya bilslr, onlarn mnviyyatn, iradsini mhkmlndir bilslr bu bizim hm siyasi, hm d ideoloji iimiz olacaqdr. Lakin bu i praknd kild deyil, mtkkil aparlmaldr. Praknd v mtkkil ifadlri antonim yaradaraq mtkkiliyin sa-snda trbiy, xlaq, mnviyyat sinonim crgsinin durduunu auditoriyalara izah edir. Baqa bir mqamda drhal, tcili sinonimlri harmoniya yaradaraq nit-qin tsir gcn artrr: Bundan sonra sfir v sfirlik bu msllrl mul ola-caqdr. Bel hallar drhal, tcili aradan gtrmk mmkn deyildir. Bunlar tdricn ola bilr. Gman edirm ki, bunlar tdricn aradan gtrmk mmkn ola-caqdr. Bir sra hallarda sinonim crgnin ml glmsind byk natiqin zn-mxsus ifadlrin tsadf edilir v bu zaman Azrbaycan dilinin znginliyindn istifad olunur ki, bu istifad qarlql bir kild ba verir. Bel ki, Azrbaycan dili d byk natiqin nitqind znginlir: Bu, ancaq z xsi mnafelri, yni qa-
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 5 nunsuz olaraq srvtlnmk, znginlmk, qanunsuz pul, imkan l keirmk mqsdi dayrd. Sinonim crglr mrkkb hallarda inkarlq bildirn ifadlrl dzlir: Bu gn fevraln 12-dir, dz doqquz aydr ki, mharib getmir, at almr, gll atlmr, qan tklmr, hidlr yoxdur. Heydr liyevin nitqlrini tdqiq edrkn gz arpan mhm bir xsusiyyt nitq elementlrinin, nitq hisslrinin, leksikoloji vahidlrin hmi harmoniya tkil etmsinddir: Mstqillik, milli azadlq yolu asan, hamar olmayb, ox zab-ziy-ytli olub. Hmin yol bundan sonra da tin olacaqdr. Ancaq itkilrimizl brabr, ld etdiyimiz dvlt mstqilliyi, suverenliyi, milli azadlq bizi sevindirir, ham-mzda qrur hissi yaradr v bu bayram byk nikbinlikl qeyd etmy imkan verir. Asan, hamar sinonimi zab-ziyytli sinonimi il antonim kimi verilmidir. Elc d zab-ziyytli sinonimin d bizi sevindirir, hammzda qrur hissi yaradr sinonimi antonim kimi harmoniya yaradr. Mstqilliyin ilk illrind lkdki neqativ hallara tssf edrk bel hallar sinonim crglrl xarakteriz edir: Tssflr olsun ki, myyn dvrd Azrbay-canda zbanala, hrc-mrcliy, dey bilrm ki, sahibsizliy gr lknin bu cr srvtlri ayr-ayr nadan adamlarn lin kemidir v bzilri hl bu gn d onlarn linddir. Sinonim crglr Azrbaycan gnclrinin formalamas il bal nitq v x-larda zn biruz verir. 29 iyun 1996-c il tarixd XXVI yay olimpiyadasnda (Atlanta, AB) itirak edck Azrbaycan idmanlar il grd zn sinonim crglrl gnclr tutur: Mstqil Azrbaycan glckd d yaatmaq, onu daha da, mhkmlndirmk, dnya miqyasnda byk dvlt evirmk gnclrimiz bu gndn hazrlamaldrlar. Hm uri, zehni, mnvi chtdn, hm d fiziki chtdn hazrlamaldrlar. Sabitliyin pozulmasnn, lkdaxili qanunlarn yerin yetirilmmsinin hans nticlr gtirib xarmas byk natiqin dilind sinonim crglrl mntiqi ardcllqla verilir: Valideynlr uaqlarn ky buraxa bilmirdilr. nki bir t-rfdn Ermnistann tcavz v gedn dylr, tkln qanlar, ikinci trfdn d Azrbaycann daxilind, o cmldn Bakda hkm srn zbanalq, qanunsuzluq, ayr-ayr silahl, cinaytkar dstlrin ardcl olaraq cinaytlr trtmsi, insanlara tcavz, tzyiq etmsi, onlarn ldrlmsi, mlknn, varnn zorla lindn alnmas bizim hyatmz narahat edn hallar idi. zbanalq, qanunsuzluq sinonimi sonda mntiqi olaraq mlkn, varn itirilmsin gtirib xarr. Bu bir cmld drd crg sinonimin sdrlmas Azrbaycan dilinin drin laylarna byk natiqin bldliyindn xbr verir. Qanun-suzluun hyatn digr sahlrin, o cmldn thsil sahsin d sirayt etmsini Heydr liyev nitqind sinonimlrl gr bilrik: Ona gr bunu xsusi qeyd edi-rm ki, 1988-89-cu illrdn bri respublikamzn bana gln blalar, Ermnistann Azrbaycana etdiyi hrbi tcavz il laqdar olaraq, eyni zamanda lkmizin daxi-lind yaranm qarmaqarqla, zbanala, qanunsuzlua gr hyatmzn ox sahsind, o cmldn thsil sahsind d ilr pozulmudu. Mn mmnuniyytl qeyd edirm ki, respublikamz bu zabziyyt salan bel hallar artq kemid
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 6 qalbdr. Biz o hallar aradan gtrdk, respublikamzda min-amanlq, insanlara rahatlq yaratdq, cinaytkar qruplar aradan gtrdk. tin mqamlarda lknin taleykl msllrinin hllind Azrbaycan xalqnn xarakterik cizgilri sinonim crglrin kmyi il auditoriya n alr: Nhayt, oktyabrn 4-d dvlt evrilii baland. Ancaq xalqmzn birliyi, hmryliyi, qdrti v csarti dvlt evriliinin, cinaytkarlarn hrktlrinin qarsn ald. Sinonim crglr byk natiqin dilind Ermnistann tcavznn pislmkd, dnyaya byan etmkd mhm leksikoloji vahidlrdir: Ermnistanda olan ektremist, terroru, separat, tcavzkar qvvlr oxdank niyytlrini hyata keirmk n 1988-ci ild byk frst ld etdilr, bu frstdn mhartl istifad etdilr(VIIc.s. 274). Heydr liyevin ecazkar nitqind sinonimlr mnan daha dqiq ifad etmk ndr. Sinonimlrin kmyi il byk natiq Azrbaycan-Ermnistan mnaqisi-nin dqiq tsvirini verir: Ancaq eyni zamanda bu el bir byk mharib deyildir ki, be il mddtind ona ncam, ar taplmasn, son qoyulmasn. Demk ist-mirm ki, bu, asan msldir. Bu mharib tkc Ermnistanla Azrbaycan arasnda gedn mharib deyil. Bu mhariby byk xarici qvvlr qoulmudur. O, b-yk siyasi proseslrl baldr. Bu mharib bablal Azrbaycan paralamaq, yenidn datmaq mqsdi gdn byk siyasi qvvlr trfindn balanb. Ermni xisltini amaa xidmt edn sinonimlr aadak crg uyundur: Rusiya Mdafi Nazirliyinin shih mlumatna cavab olaraq Yerevanda sylnil-mi fikirlr a yalandr, uydurma v bhtandr. Mn bunu qti kild deyirm Dini -flsfi, dini- xlaqi xlarnda Heydr liyevin iltdiyi sinonim cr-glr Azrbaycan nitq mdniyytinin formalamas yolunda vzsiz incilrdir. Bu inci sinonim crglr bir daha Azrbaycan dilinin znginliyindn xbr verir, bir da-ha byk natiqin dilimizin drin qatlarna bldliyindn xbr verir: Adamlar humanizm, fqt, ncibliy, yksk mnvi dyrlr sslyn dinlrin br tarixind rolu vzsizdir. Briyyt n slh, bara nail olman yolu Tanr nuruna tapnmaqdan, mnvi, ruhani kamillikdn keib gedir. Dini auditoriyalarda byk natiqin frqli sinonim crglrinin ahidi oluruq: nsanlarn mnvi srvtlrinin hamsndan dinin frqi ondadr ki, o, dini mnsubiyytindn asl olmayaraq hmi insanlar dostlua, hmryliy, birliy d-vt etmidir Heydr liyevin nitq v xlarnn thlili gstrir ki, dilimizin, nitqimizin inkiaf il bal istifad ediln sinonimlr cazib gcn hmi znd saxlayr v glckd sinonimlrin geni tdqiq olunma zrurti meydana glir. dbiyyat 1. Babayev A. Dililiy giri. B. Maarif, 2004, 504 s. 2. Abdullayev N. Mmmdov Z. Nitq mdniyytinin saslar. Bak, 2010, 326s. 3. Heydr liyev dil haqqnda v Heydr liyevin dili. Bak, Elm, 1998- 196s.
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 7 N.Zamanov Synonyms in the speeches of Heydar Aliyev Summary The article studied synonyms in the speeches of Heydar Aliyev. As it turned out, Heydar Aliyev widely used synonyms in their speeches. Heydar Aliyev skillfully used different styles of speech depending on the audience. In this he was helped very good knowledge of the language, particularly synonyms. The article was also examined in relation synonyms with other parts of speech used by Heydar Aliyev. . . , . – . , . , . Ryi: filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 8 KRZAD AHNAZXANIM AMEA Nsimi adna Dililik nstitutu [email protected] NSM DLNN LT TRKBND ARXAK ADLAR Aar szlr: Nsiminin dilind arxaik szlr, fonetik arxaizmlr, leksik arxaizmlr, arxaik isimlr, arxaik siftlr, arxaik vzliklr, : -, , , – , – -, – . Key words: The archaic words in the Nasimis language, phonetic archaisms, lexi-cal archaisms, archaic nouns, archaic adjectives, archaic pronouns. Nsimi dilinin lt trkibi arxaizmlrin tdqiqi baxmndan azrbaycandilli yazl mnblr srasnda hmiyytli yer tutur. Nsimi Divannn leksik-semantik thlili zaman arxaizmlrin ilnm xsusiyytlrin, hr hans bir szn dbi dild, dialektlrd, yoxsa qohum dilldr mxsus mvcudluunu iqlandrmaq olar. Buradak arxaizmlrin thlili, qrupladrlmas, izah v qarlnn gstrilmsi Azrbaycan dilinin v digr trk dillrinin tarixi-mqayisli tdqiqi n d hmiyytli rola malikdir. Nsiminin Divannda arxaik adlar iki qrupa blmk olar: a) fonetik arxaizmlr; b) leksik arxaizmlr. Bunlar da z nvbsind nitq hisslri zr qrupladrmaq olar: 1) arxaik isimlr; 2) arxaik siftlr; 3) arxaik vzliklr. I. Arxaik isimlr: Divanda arxaik szlrin byk ksriyytini isimlr t-kil edir. Onlarn bzilri mxtlif fonetik dyisikliy uram, bir qrupu masir dili-mizd formasn saxlayaraq mzmunu dyiilmi, bir qismi hazrda mstqil kild aktivliyini itirs d, dalam ifadlrin trkibind mhafiz olunmudur, bir qism arxaizmlr is dbi dild ilkliyini itirrk, yalnz dialekt v ivlrd faliyyt gstrir. Arxaik isimlri bu kimi xsusiyytlrin gr xarakteriz etmk olar. 1. airin leksikonunda ilnn arxaik isimlrin bir qismi mxtlif fonetik dyiik-liy uramdr: qaranquqaranlq, topraqtorpaq, tilkitlk, dikntikan, tobtop, buncuqmuncuq, kirpikkiprik, dngizdniz, uyxuyuxu, i, qablanqaplan, qarncaqarqa, ayuay, yzz, yldzulduz, yrkrk, yzrlikzrlik, v s. Qanla kirpigin Turun danda, Nec bir Museyi-mran iridi (N.I88); Hsd dutmaq donuz, ayu siftdr, Qarnca hirslrim kin yanm (N.II328); Srlqox yemk, hvteklik, Yavuz xuqurt, hiyltilki qlanm (N.II329,10). Maraqldr ki, Nsimi Divannn 188 (5225) ifrli lyazmasnda buncuq sznn muncuq variant da mvcuddur. Eyni hadis dikn sznd d mahid edilir. Hmin lyazmada dikn variant il tikn variant da zn gstrir (9, s. 6): Almd btn hdi bu gn yar l girmz, Yandrd dikn barm, glzar l girmz (N.I76); Glstanin gli snsiz tikndr, Bana can snsz gli reyhan grkmz (N.I70). Bu gun dilimizd fonetik dyiikliy urayaraq ildiln szlrin Nsimi dilind ilnn variantlarnn bir qismind sz vvlnd y samitinin ildilmsi
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 9 (yzz, yldzulduz, yzrlikzrlik, yrkrk, ylanilan v s.), sz ortasnda sar nun samitinin itirak (yaaq, kl, diz, dala, dosuz v s.), sz v-vlind prototik h v y samitlrinin ilnmmsi (rmkhrmk, iyyiy v s.), sz ortasnda, bzn d sz sonunda sonralar y ssin kemi g samitinin fal ol-mas (ggringyrin, ginyin, cigrciyr, gggy v s.) zn gstrir: Za-hid aydr, sevm xubu, baxma anun yzin, ol hcr yrkli ahn, yoxsa mrmrdnmidir? (N.I278); Ey hr zamanin fitnsi burq cmalndn gtr, Ta eq yzrlik kibi pir cvani yaqasan (N.II82); Knl lain dey dd ki, al ol ggrini, Ggrin bayqua dndi, yazqdur imdi lain (N.I60); Ehram edrmn gnim bir ton geyirdi hq, Nec kim, istrm tgiv yaqas yoq (N.I301). Masir dbi dil n norma hesab olunmayan intervokal vziyytd g ssinin fall hm qrb qrupu dialektlrind, hm d Aberon rayonu ivlrind mahid olunur. 1. Nsiminin dilind bir qrup isim vardr ki, onlar masir dilimizd formasn saxlasa da mzmunu dyiilmidir: barrk, kiiinsan//adam, ttntst, ye-mimeyv, kpnkyapn//uxa, umaqcnnt, rkii//igid, bayara, ayaqqdh v s. xd iimdn ttn, rxi boyad btn, Gr ki, n atdym, gr n qdr yanaram (N.I127); kli gnim bu sikkeyi-mrdan kpnk, Bilsn qldi mnim drdim drman kpnk (N.I117); Lbin hli-nzr emeyi-heyvan dedilr, Gri umaq hurisi cml ana can dedilr (N.I262). Bu szlr masir Azrbaycan dilind tamamil baqa mnalar ifad edir: ba-rqara ciyr, ttnbitki ad, rhyat yolda, yemibostan bitkisi, bainsann bdn zv, ayaqinsann bdn zv, kpnkhrat nv, umaqhavaya qalx-maq v s. Nsiminin srlrind ildiln hmin isimlr sonrak dvrlrdXV sr-d . . Xtainin (M.Cavadova, 32), N. Kivrinin, XVI srd M. Fzulinin srl-rind, habel XVI sr trcm nsr srlri eyx Sfi tzkirsind (23, s. 10), hdanamd (2, s. 10), elc d orta srlrdn ox-ox vvlXI srd yazya alnm Kitabi-Dd Qorqud dastanlarnda (KDQ. 27, 58, 21,78) mahid olu-nur. Hmin szlrin orta sr abidlrindki mnalar bu gn dialekt v ivlrd xalq danq dilind, bdii slubda, dalam xalq ifadlrind qorunmaqdadr. M-sln, umaq (cnnt) sznn qdim mnas bu gn xalq dilind yax adam haq-qnda ld feli, sanki, kobud hesab edilir v bu zaman udu feli ildilir ki, bu da umaq (cnnt) isminin semantikasna yaxndr. Bu mnada trkologiyada mvcud elmi mnblrdn Divani-lt it trk sri d fikrimizi bir daha tsdiqlyir. Di-vanda ilnmi ba sz tibb termini kimi hal-hazrda faliyytdn ds d, bu s-zn itirak il dzlmi ba eylmk yara, iban xarmaq feli birlmsi mv-cuddur. 2. Nsimi leksikasnda rast glinn bzi isimlr masir dbi dilimizd ms-tqil kild aktivliyini itirmi, yalnz dalam ifadlrin trkibind mhafiz olunmudur: kilid,ufa, bili, n v s. Kims gman znn il olmad hqq il bili, Hqqi biln bilir ki, mn znn gman smazam (N.II7L); Kivri-mn afiyt, mriftin kilididir, Ey mliki-zman, gl fth ed gr bu kivri (N.I89); Buduna xsun ufalar, gzn hm qara su, Dutulsun dili, qulai, bir ni da diin (N.III128). Bu gn arxaik fonda ken hmin szlr XIV-XV sr dbi dilind ilk dil vahidlri olmu v trk dillrinin tarixi ltlrind qeyd alnmdr (Bud.I.617,
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 10 MK.I.49). Qeyd edk ki, ufanmaq felin Kitabi-Dd Qorqud dastannn dilind, hminin XV-XVI sr Azrbaycan dbi dilind, xsusn, byk trcm sri eyx Sfi tzkirsind rast glmk olur (24, s. 7).alanda qara polad uz qlcn ktlmsin! Drtrkn ala gndrin ufanmasn! (KDQ.19). Hmin sz XX srin byk airi M. . Sabirin satiralarnda da rast glirik: Ay ba dad kii, dinm, uaqdr uam! N db vaxtdr, qoy sysn, ufaqdr uam! (MS. Hop-hopnam, s. 143). Abidlrimizd mxtlif mnalarda ilnmsin baxmayaraq, uf, ufa, ufaq, ufanmaq sozlrinin ilkin kknd, bhsiz ki, uf nidas, ufa ismi durur; bu gn uaq nitqind ufa sz sulu yemk mnasnda ildilir. Divanda ilnmi n ismi Azrbaycan yazl abidlrind d mhz arxaik isim kimi qeyd alnm, ada dilimizd is yalnz bzi ifadlrin v xalq msll-rinin trkibind (ssim-nm yetmz) zn mhafiz etmidir. Tarixn bu ismin faliyyt gstrmsi qdim trkdilli ltlrd d qeyd alnmdr (Bud.I.617; MK.I.49). 3. Masir Azrbaycan dilind ilkliyini itirrk yalnz dialekt v ivlrd faliyyt gstrn isimlr: nsn (ey), eik, du, yaz, tmk//ppk, danla (sabah), iy (eh), il (plovun bir nv), rman (hdiyy, bxi), dn (dnn) v s. Vaxtil Q. Varail il sz haqqnda yazrd ki, bu sz grc v ermni dill-rind trk alnmalarndan biri kimi geni ilkliy malik olmu, udin dilind dy yemyinin ad kimi sabitlmidir. Hl M. Kaarinin tdqiqatndan aydn olur ki, hr bir trk ailsinin sfrsinin sas atributu olan bozba, qovurma, dolma xrklri gndlik yemklr kimi sciyylndirilirdis, ln mrasim yemyi, yksk tbqy mxsus ouz aillrinin sfr atributu olmudur*. Bunun lamtlri Kitabi-Dd Qorqud dastannda da mahid edilir. Bu gn Azrbaycan dilinin bir ox dialektlrind qorunub saxlanan lanil, plov Cnubi Qafqazn baqa xalqlarnngrclrin, ermnilrin, udinlrin mitin daxil olmudur (4, s. 79). Qeyd edk ki, il//la ismi bu gn lan-blan mrkkb sz daxilind htta dbi dild (bdii slubda) d ilnir. Bzi dialektlrd ilirin plov mnasnda ilnir. (Qazax, Astafa, Lnkran, Masall). Qaraba zonasnda is sdl ilsdl a sinonim variantlar ilnir. Maraqldr ki, Nsiminin dilind d il kr, hd szlril komponent tkil edrk ilnir: Lbi-canfzayi-llin urar abi-Xizra tn, Bu kr dodaql, yni szi il, krimi? (N.II208). Bu hal il isminin mhz irin plov olmas ehtimaln ts-diqlyir. 4. Mxtlif anlaylar bildirn arxaik isimlr: tanq (ahid), ri (ordu), su (gnah), sa (hesab, miqdar), yar (tprck), lb (tanr), keyik (ceyran), sin (mzar), tap (mqddslik), kz (payz), yama (talan) v s. Gzn tutub szrsn, dil can qsd edirsn, Bu ndr ki, sn qlursan lbim, bgm, fndi? (N.I112). Nsiminin dilind ilnmi yama sz, fikrimizc, ya+ma quruluuna ma-lik dzltm isimdir. Maraqldr ki, hmin szn kk sasnda masir Azrbaycan dilind ya (dmn) ismi ilnmkddir. Yama v ya szlrinin kk qdim trk dillrind hcum etmk, basmaq, yaxnlamaq, mhv etmk semantikal oxm-nal ya felidir (1, s. 223-224). Bu gn, ey xublarn ah, miri-dilbransan kim, Xyaln lkri verdi knl hrini ymay (N.I36); Mnvvr bhrin trk evin ymalad qlin, Mool hr qanda varrsa dr tarac ymay (N.I35)
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 11 Tdqiqatlar gstrir ki, tarixn ya kkndn mxtlif szlr yaranmdr: ya–dyskn, yad-dmn olmaq, yala-dymk, vurumaq, yalq-dmn-lk, yaq-dmnlik etmk (9, s. 224). Grndy kimi, qdim trk dillrind ya sz sinkretik mzmuna malik olmudur v ada dvrmz hmin kkdn olan ya v yamalamaq szlri glib atmdr: (ya dmn). airin dilind dgm sz etibarsz, naxlf mnasnda ox faldr: Qiymtli dodann dgm xsis sorma kim, Mn bilirm ki, can il susamam zlalin (N.I43); Kbnin ehramna irmz hacnin dgmsi, izginr dr girdin, srtr y-zn tain (N.I51). Bu gn dgm sz yalnz dym-dr mrkkb sznn trkibind yaa-maqdadr. Elc d, ilkin olaraq, tamu, ri variantnda olmu bu isimlr Nsimi-nin dilind son samitsiz, yni xalq danq dili mdaxilsindn sonra tamu, ri klind zn gstrir (Bud.I730,1869). Bu szlr hal-hazrda ilkliyini itirs d, tarixn Azrbaycan yazl abidl-rind, klassiklrin srlrind arxaizm kimi mvcud olmu, elc d digr trk dil-lrind faliyyt gstrmidir. Bu sbbdn hmin szlr trk dillri ltind z-n yer almdr. II. Arxaik siftlr. Divanda sift cisimlrin lamt v keyfiyytini bildirir, qurulu etibaril sad, dzltm v mrkkb formadadr. 1. Sad arxaik siftlr. a) Bu siftlrin bir qismi fonetik baxmdan myyn dyiikliy uramdr: ggk ada dvrd gyk klind, gri-yri, yuca-uca, btn-btv v s. Klamllh, ey dilbr ki,boyun gr dal oldu, Hr gri baxann eyni bu dalin qdrini bilmz! (N.I63); Yuca yerdn dm uran eyxi fqih gldi kim, Mddinin hrmti hqdn hqartdir bu gn (N.I178). Divanda ilnmi fonetik baxmdan bu gn dbi dild sabitlmi yri, b-tv, uca, gyk siftlri mumxalq Azrbaycan dilind, habel Azrbaycan dilinin dialekt v ivlrind mhz Nsimi dilind tzahr edn fonetik variantda, yni gri, btn, ggk klind ilnmkddir. Uca siftinin yuca variantda inmsi is qdim trk dillrind, elc d Azrbaycan dilind mvcud olmudur v sz v-vlind prototik y samitinin ilnmsi qdim dvr yazl abidlr n sciyyvi fo-netik ss artmdr (. . .1970, s. 179) b) Masir Azrbaycan dbi dilind passiv kild ilnn, elc d dialekt v ivlrd ilkliyini saxlam sad siftlr: ulu, ar, yengi, yavuz, in, ey//eyi, gerk v s. Bir ey ad edn fani cahand, Ululardan cahand qald bir ad! (N.I106); Hsni cmal baxmaa ari sfa nzr grk, Dmsin arisiz nzr ayin-nin sfasin! (N.II165); Mnkirin gri gzlri yzin baxmasn ann, Kmnzrin yavuz gzi hsni-cmal dmsn! (N.I173); ski dnya yengi xlt geydi bu mv-smd u! hrsi dvri bu gn nq nigar oldu yen! (N.I54); Dhanindn xbr verdi rvanprvr szn, mma Bilinmz nsndn kims inanmaz kim, xbr indir (N.I288)Dvlti-didar bidar urar ol gerk mhibb Gzlri aq grkdir aiqin leyl nhar! (N.I333) Hmin siftlr bu gn xalq dilind, bdii srlrin dilind ifad daxilind, mdrik cmllrd mahid olunur: ar sifti Aydan ar sudan duru atalar szn-d, habel dyn aritlamaq ifadsind, arat knd tsrrfat terminind tmiz m-
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 12 nasn saxlamaqdadir. Yengi sz bu gn cnub blglrind yengi il (yeni il), yen-gid (gln il) sz v ifadlrind mhz tz, tz il mnasnda ilnmkddir. Elc d in sifti Yuxum in cxd cumlsind saxlanmaqdadr. Divanda rast glinn, lakin masir Azrbaycan dilind ilkliyini itirmi szlrdn srk(srxo, kefli) bzi dialekt v ivlrd mhafiz olunur. Sayru sz is Azrbaycan yazl abidlrind arxaik sz kimi qeyd alnm v ada dilimiz-d ifad trkibind qalmaqdadr: Saln necdirs, sayrln da eldir. 2. Dzltm siftlr: Divanda dzltm siftlr adlardan v fellrdn dzlir: a) Adlardan dzlmi siftlr aadak kililr vasitsil yaranr: -l4 (tatlu-dadl, uyxulu-yuxulu, yrkli-rkli, tolu-dolu v s. Zahid aydr, sevm xubi, baxma ann yzin, ol hcr yrkli ahn, yoxsa mrmrdnmidr? (N.I312); Hr qanda kim, rh eylsm irin dodagin qndini, rvh r sink kibi ol tatlu kr xndini (N.II157); Bzmind zl saqisi llin mana sundu, Ol badeyi kim, ruhi-zmindr tolu cami (N.II214); Ey ndini trrar vern uyxulu qafil, ol yzi qmr trreyi-trrarimi buldum! (N.I505). Mlumdur ki, masir Azrbaycan dilind -l4 kilisi ksr hallarda isimlr artrlaraq dzltm siftlr ml gtirir. Divanda is -l4 kilisinin siftlr artrlaraq dzltm siftlr yaratdn da grrk. Bu mnada Divanda tsadf etdiyimiz auli, xumarli, yazuqlu siftlri maraq dourur: Hva camindn srksn, hvs ardin dmsn, Bu auli rabi qo kim, oldur rbti qatil (N.I464); Yaralu eyldi mni crsi aulu min Yaralu yarini qoyma, drdin gr n ardr (N.I294); Ey xumarli gzlrindn fitnyi uyar snm, Gzlri ol fitndir kim, fitnsi xabinddir (N.I285); Hsnn quludur cml gr mahis, gr xur, Ey llin can bnd v yazuqlu qulami (N.I216). Beytlrd ilnmi aulu, mtndn d grundy kimi , sadc ac siftinin mna qarl olmayb, poetik mnada ox ac, hddindn artq ac mnasn ifad edir. Elc d, xumarlu-cox xumar (gz), mstan gz, yazuqlu-ox yazq demkdir. Demli bu gn faliyytd olmayan sift kkl dzltm siftlr n vaxtsa dbi dild ilk olmudur. Bunu hm Azrbaycan dilli yazl abidlr (dmirl-Vrqa v Gla XIV sr. 10, s. 13; tmizl- eyx Sfi XV sr. 23, s. 10; aulu-Fzuli: ox hvs eylm ol rbt kim auludur-XVI sr. 25, s. 142; hdnam 2, s. 10), hm mxtlif trk dillri materiallar: alaluy-ala, ala-bula qirz dilind (20, s. 61), hm d azrbaycan dilind mvcud nadir faktlar tsdiq edir. Bu gn Azrbaycan xalq dilind soyuqlu hava ifadsi mvcuddur. lbtt ki, soyuqlu hava sadc soyuq hava deyil, ox soyuq hava, olduqca soyuq hava demk-dir. bh yoxdur ki, Nsimi xumarlu (gz), aulu (rab), yazuqlu (qulam) deyr-kn bu szlrin xalq dilind gizlnn n qdim, n inc mnalarna saslanm, xalq dilinin qrammatik quruluunun znginliklrini dbi-bdii dil gtirmkl, XIV sr v mumn dbi dilin poetik imkanlarn genilndirmidir. air yazuqlu qulam deyrkn tarixn btn trk xalqlarnn dilind ilnmi yazq, gnahkar, kasb qul (MK III, 1941, 17) mnasn nzrd tutmudur. Digr trfdn, -l4 kilisinin m-na tutumu oxluq, bolluq semantikas da hmin siftlrdki qvvtli semantik m-nan tsdiq edir. Divanda ilnmi dzltm siftlrin bir qismi d bu gn passiv fonda ke-mi arxaik siftlrdir: qutlu (xobxt), grkl (gzl, gyk), drl (mxtlif),
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 13 yelkli (nazl-nzaktli). Bauma qutlu ayaun gldi basd ol nigar, Klgsi dd o an mana srvi xuramann yen (N.II172); Eyldi eqin mni qalxan mlamt turin Ey gzi, qai yelkli hriyarm, qandasan? (N.II36); Ey sahibi-txt tac, canlar canna mhtac! Ey gorkl yzn merac, didarin mtaqm! (N.I532); Eqin odi piirmidi drl alarm, Sevda knlmn dxi xam olmadin hnuz! (N.I390). Trkologiyada -l4 kilisinin -lq4 kilisindn trmsi fikri mvcuddur (20, s. 72, 46; 20, s. 53). Qdim trkdilli abidlrd Divanda mahid olunan grkl, qutlu siftlri grklk, qutluq variantndadr (DTS, 473,MK I 82, 318). Yelkli siftinin kk olan yilk qdim trk abidlrind gl, kims glmk, thqir, thqir etmk, gec nliklri mnalarn ifad etmisdir. (20, s. 265). Bzi tr-koloji ltlrd yelk//yelik monqol mnli hesab edilir (20, s. 265). Biz el glir ki, Divanda ilnmi yelkli sz mhz monqol mnli yelik sz il laqdar olub, ltaq, z gzlliyi il fxr edn, haval, mhbbtli, gzl mnalarna uyun semantikada ilnmidir. Grkl sznn bu gn masir Azrbaycan dilind grkmli variantn qbul edirik. Qeyd edk ki, grkl dzltm sifti qdim trk ltlrind (MK I, 1939,362) gzl, gzllik, gzl sima mnalarnda ilnmidir. Trk dillrinin eti-moloji ltind yazlr: grg, grkl v onun fonetik variantlarnn etimologiyas il mul olan trkoloqlar- A. Zayanakovski, K. Brokelman, M. Rsnen, K. Menqes bu sz grmk felindn -q, -ik kilisi vasitsil fel kkl hesab edirlr. Hmin siftdn -li kilisi il dzlmi keyfiyyt mnal grkl (gzl), hm d -sz kilisi il inkar mnal krksz (irkin) siftlri dzlmidir. Hmin kkdn -a, -ay, -la kilisinin itirak il grka, grkl, v nhayt grkm ismi yaranmdr. (., 1980, 82). Divanda mhsuldar sift dzldn kililrdn biri d -in elementidir. Szlr artrlaraq keyfiyyyin oxluunu yaradr v -l4 kilisinin mna yaxnl kimi x edir: Ruxun zr bnin ahan hindudur cb, yarb, Yalnaq orumu, yaxud rm baind glindir? (N.I289); Mahi-taban, ya mehr sni bnztmzm, neyn, Ki, hsnn xirmnind ay il gn snblindir (N.I289). -in elementi szlr lav edilrkn hmin kk szn mnasn oxaldr. mumiyytl, in bir sz kimi qdim trk dillrind hqiqt, doru, dzgn, sl, bnzr, oxar kimi mnalar ifad etmidir (DTS. 148,1969). Biz el glir ki, in sznn kili variant -in bu mnalarn sasnda yaranmdr. Nsiminin dilind -in bir kili kimi szlr mhz, sl mnasn verir: glin, yni sl gl, ik kimi, snblin-sl snbl bnzr, sl snbl kimi, moolin-mool gzlri kimi mool salar kimi. Masir Azrbaycan dilind -in kilisi il antroponimlr dzlir: Glin, Elin, Yaln v s. Divanda sift dzldn n aktiv kililrdn biri d -sz4 gostricisidir. Masir dvrd olduu kimi, szlrd myyn keyfiyytin olmadn bildirn h-min kili hm trk mnli, hm d alnma rb v fars dili szlrind hmin se-mantikan yaradr: arisiz-irkli, dzltm sifti bu gn istifaddn qalsa da, tarixn trkdilli abidlrd ilnmidir. Hsni-cmal baxmaa arisfanzr grk, Dmsin arisiz nzr ayinnin sfasin! (N.II165); N gndir yzn bi ki, igi anin, Chani rngi buyindn diknsiz glstan etdi (N.II281).
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 14 Divanda -sz4 skilisinin sinonimi kimi -aq kilisi ilnir: Rxn zr bnin ahan hindudur, Yarbb! Yalncaq orumi, yaxud rm baind glindir (N.I289). Masir Azrbaycan dilind -caq kilisi tam passivlrk yalnz relikviya halnda iki szd mahid olunur: kynkck v tumancaq. Divanda yalncaq sz ayayaln mnasnda zunu gstrir ki, bu mna qdim trk ltlrind qeyd alinmdr: (MK, 1941,III,82, DTS,1969,229) Maraqldr ki, yalnaq sznn I hisssi bu gn Azrbaycan dilind mrkkb sz trkibind zn gstrir: ayayaln v yaxud, yaln. -caq kilisi haqqnda trkoloji dbiyyatlarda yazlr: ilkin olaraq zizlm semantikas zr sciyylnn -caq kilisi dzltm isimlrin v siftlrin yaranmasnda Azrbaycan dilinin n qdim morfoloji lamtlrindn saylmdr: dilck, oduncaq, kynkk isimlri, elc d, qsacaq, artcaq kimi siftlr Azrbaycan dilinin n qdim layna daxildir (20, s. 435). Bzi arxaik siftlr fel kklrin -ux, -uq, -q, -k, -x elementlri artirmaqla yaranmdr: ayrx, ayrux, ayruq, artuq v s. szlr bu gn dialekt v ivlrd d ilnmir. Qanla kirpigin n seyd eyldi chani, Syyad olana ayrx tir kmn grkmz! (N.I393); Gl niqabn trfini glgn yanandan gtr, Ta glstan gl-msn ayrux gli-xndanin! (N.II152); Ddi gzm ala gzn ain v qarasin, Ayruq annla kimsnin ai ndr, qarasi n? (N.II164); a) Divanda fel kklrindn sift dzldn n fal kililrdn biri -c4 gstricisidir: alici, tapici, yaxci, yapci, varici v s. vqn qnda alici gz t-kr yain, Vsln gnn dndr gldr bharimi! (N.II212); Ey lat tapici, sni eyb etmzm ndn, Kim, grmmim ol snmi-glzarimi! (N.II213); Xlqin mli zdi knl yaxci og Bir xst knl yapci memar bulunmaz (N.I376). Tarixn Azrbaycan dilind fal feli sift kilisi olan -ici4 Nsiminin qzl-lrind d grndy kimi, n aktiv morfoloji gstrici olmudur. Zaman kedikc hmin kili il formalaan kilcilr -an2 feli sift kilisi il vz olunmudur. Lakin bir kili kimi -c4 gstricisi tam kild dilimizdn xmamdr. Masir Azrbaycan dilind -c4 kilisi vasitsil fel kkndn dzltm szlr yaranr v bu zaman hmin kili -4 kilisinin mna qarl kimi x edir. -c kili-sindki – birldirici sait olmayb, hrktin adn bildirn gstricidir. Trk dilind -(y)c4 kilisi bzn glck zaman mzmunlu feli sift kilisi kimi sciyylndirilir. Bu Mahmud Kaarinin ltind d beldir (21, s. 92-93) Azrbaycan klassik dbiyyatnda -c4 kilisin tsadf olunur: Eidici deyicidn sz kr (. XVI sr); N suya giricisn, n oda (X.II220); Sn qddin yal allar geyici, Vaqif dxi sn qzl deyici, kr Allaha deyil adamyeyici, Nolur glsn biz, qurban olduum! (Vaqif, XVIII, s. 59). Maraqldr ki, hmin forma bu gn mdrik xalq ifadlrind, atalar sz v msllrd yaamaqdadr: Yaman yeyicin olsun , yaman deyicin olmasn. Divanda var sz kili funksiyasnda sasn xs adlarna lav edilrk kimi qomasnn mna qarl sviyysind x edir: Mnsurvar, Frhadvar, rsvar v s. Gl asl brdar n Mnsursan Mnsurvar, Aqibt mnsurini Mnsur asar darin! (N.II154); Leyli cmalindn cuda Mcnun kimi srgtym, Frhad-var istr knl irin dodaindn fa! (N.III5); Snin glgn yanain hsrtindn, Axar emim ya hm n rsvar! (N.I98).
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 15 Masir Azrbaycan dilind -var elementi midvar, midvar olmaq sznn trkibind zn gstrir. Elc d, -vari klind szdzldici vasit kimi vintvari, ynglvari siftlrinin trkibind mahid olunur.. b) Mrkkb siftlr. Divanda mrkkb arxaik siftlrin dzlmsind n geni yaylm vasit eyni sz kklrinin tkrar (reduplikasiya) il yaranma yo-ludur: 1. Trkmnli sad sz kklrinin tkrarndan yaranan mrkkb arxaik siftlr: tolu-tolu, drl-drl v s. Gzdim vicudim hrini sndn tolu-tolu gr-dm an, Hr yerd n snsn yan, adin ndn bica imi? (N.I412); Xst olali knl eqindn, ey can prsi, rm m mtbindn drl-drl alar! (N.I342). 2. Trk mnli sad isiml sad siftin birlmsindn yaranm mrkkb arxaik sift: gridil: Dil bazarisi yalandr, varmazam bazarin, Gerk olmaz gridil, inanmazam iqrarin! (N.II150). III Arxaik vzliklr. Nsiminin Divannda z forma v mzmununu saxlam vzliklrl yana, bzi fonetik dyiikliy uram v ya tam arxaiklmi vzliklr d faldr. Bunlar vzliyin myyn mna qruplarnda mahid edilir: 1) xs vzliklri; 2) iar vzliklri; 3)sual vzliklri; 4) qayd vzliklri; 5) qeyri-myyn vzliyi. 1) Arxaik xs vzliklri: Divanda rast gldiyimiz bn, ol, olar//alar//anlar arxaik xs vzliklridir: Ey bsirtsiz, bni gr kim n zati-ad-mm! Sylyn hqdir bnim dilmd hr dm, yoxsa bn. (N.I82); Mnsur il bn dardan glirm. Xlif il bn nardan glirm! (N.I83). Byk trkoloq Mahmud Kaari gstrmidir ki, xs vzliklri bn ouz qrupu trk dillri n, mn qpaq qrupu trk dillri n sciyyvidir. Azrbaycandilli yazl abidlrd XIX sr qdr faliyyt gstrmi bn vzliyi sonralar faliyytdn qalm, mn norma sviyysini qazanmdr. Btn trk dillri n mumi olan xs vzliklri (22, s. 124) bu gn d hmin intensivliyini sax-layr. Trkologiyada bn v mn vzliklrind birinci samit sslrin ilkinliyi il laqdar olaraq fikir mxtlifliyi mvcuddur. Bzi trk dillrind I xs vzliyinin pn variant da olduu qeyd edilir (22, s. 138). Alimlrin byk bir qrupu bn fonetik variantn daha qdim hesab edirlr (8, s. 8; 7, s. 70; 6, s.132). Vaxtil byk trkoloq M. Kaari bn v mn variantlarnn paralelliyini qbul edrk gstrmidir ki, ouzlar bn deyirlr, qpaqlar mn deyirlr. vzliklrin Azrbaycan dili dialekt v ivlrind ilnm-sini tdqiq etmi M. slamov da hmin fikri dstklyrk gstrir ki, hmin vz-liklrin paralelliyi bu gn d davam edir (12, s. 17). Tdqiqat C. Qhrmanov vaxtil gstrirdi ki, Nsimi Divannda paralel fonetik variantlar ox sciyyvidir (9, s. 10). Bn//mn xs vzliklrind son n ssin glinc uva dilindki (mn) xs vzliyi gstrir ki, ilkin olaraq bu vzliklrd son n olmamdr (20, s. 138). Bu vzliklrin hansnn ilkinliyin glinc, bunlarn hr ikisinin qdim olmas fikrini biz d qbul edirik, nki hr iki qrup trk dili hm ouz dillri, hm d qpaq dillri kifayt qdr qdim tarix malikdir.
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 16 Trkologiyada ol xs vzliyini quruluca o vzlik, lqvvtlndirici vasit hisslrin ayrrlar(13, s. 136). Qeyd edk ki, III xs tk vzliyindki l elementinin qvvtlndirici funksiyaya malik olmas fikrin biz d haqq veririk. Azrbaycandilli nzm materiallarnda bu fikir zn tamamil doruldur: Ol sbbdn farsi lfzi il oxdur nzm kim, Nzmi nazik turki lfzi il ikn dvar olur (MF). Burada ol vzliyinin son l samiti iar etmkl yana, hm d ifadnin fikrin emosionalln artrr. xs vzliklrinin yiylik v ynlk hallarnda ilnmsi I xs tkd mn//bn yiylik halda bnim//bnm, mnim variantlarda ilnir: Sylyn hqdir bnim dilimd hr dm. Nal qlmas bnim ruhum, ya lsnm sevn? (N.I82); Ey mnim xurid mahim, ey ram, fanusum! Ey mnim nqlm, yen hbb nbat kkrim. (N.I150). II xs tkd snin v snn variantlarda sonda sar nun fonemi il formalar: Vcudi lvhin yazdum si eqin hrufindn, Zhi, ey mniyi-ina, bu n sn, n inadr? (Lek.90); min n yanmadi prvantk zahid s, Qoy, ani bari qatidr nki sgi-xardn! (N.II46); I xs tkd mn//bn, sn vzliklri ynlk halda sar nunla- formalar: maa, baa, sa fonetik variantlar yaranr: Qala kirpigi vhyi maa gldi v bildirdi, Ki, snsn r il krsi yz yazusi Qurandur! (N.I306); Saa huri gr bir gz qalursa hsnni rz, Rx qdrin yan eyl, yzdn ani utandur (N.I307). III xs tkd ol vzliyinin trkibind kkl dyimlr ml glir: oa, ln keir, v nticd an vzliyi alnr ki, o da ynluk halda sar nunla ifad olunur: aa (fonetik formada) Ey Nsimi, dmi-sa degils nfsi, Nfsi torular aa n n can dedilr?(N.I223). I v II xsin tkind vzliklrin ynlk halda sar nunla -la ifad edilmsi, yni maa, baa, saa klind formalamas v uva dilind man, san vzliklrinin mvcud olmas bel bir gman yaradr ki, n vaxtsa trk dillrind I v II xs tkd man, san vzliklri mvcud olmudur (13, s. 214). Q. X. sxakovun bu gmann Azrbaycan dilinin dialekt v ivlrind vzlik kateqoriyasn izlmi M. . slamov da mdafi edrk gstrir ki, Azrbaycan, trkmn, zbk dillrinin dialekt faktlar Q. X. sxakovun ideyasn tsdiqlyir (13, s. 188). Trkoloq A. M. erbak mana, sana vzliklrind n samitini ilkin hesab edir, ksin, uva dilindki be (mn), ze (sn) vzliklrini tz sondan n samitinin dm variant olduunu qeyd edir (26, s. 123). Nsiminin dilind maa, saa, oa klind ilnn vzliklrin mvcud olmasn M. . slamovun dialekt materiallarnda manqa, sanqa, onqa variantlarnn olmas da tsdiq edir. Mllif bu vzliklrdki -qa kilisinin qar v qaru szlri il laqli olduunu qeyd edir. Alimin fikrinc maqa, saqa man vzliyi+qa ynlk hal kilisidir(12, s. 23). Nticd mllif gstrir ki, man, san vzliklri ox qdim dvrlrd trk dillrind mvcud olmudur(12, s. 24). Qdim trk dillrind, elc d Azrbaycan dilinin yazl abidlrind zn gstrn maa, saa xs vzliklrinin kk V. A. Boqoroditskinin gstrdiyi kimi, man, san vzliklridir. Maa, saa vzliklrin istiqamt kilisi -qa artrlarkn vzlikdki son n samiti il kilidki ilk q samiti uyumu v nticd maa, saa vzliklri yaranmdr, yni man+qa=maa, san+qa=saa (8, s. 25).
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 17 III xsin cmind olar, anlar vzliyindn istifad edilmidir: Zey-Zahid, grdlr hqqi olar kim, grdilr, Grmiynlr gzlri kor oldi yl kim ma! (N.I33); k degil kim, yzni grmmi anlar ki sni, Huriy bzdbn Yusifi-Knan dedilr! (N.I262) Maraqldr ki, Divann L zyazma nsxsind III sxsin cmind alar variantndan da istifad olunmudur: k degil kim, yzni grmmi alar ki sni, Huriy bnzdbn Yusifi-Knan dedilr (223,I). Qdim uyur abidlrind III xs cmd olar v anlar vzliklri paralel i-ldilmidir. (29, s. 137). A. M. erbak X-XIII sr rqi Trkstan materiallar sa-snda III xs hm tki, hm cmind an vzliyinin tam paradiqmasn myyn edrk gstrir ki, -lar sonralar an vzliyin lav edilmzdn vvl bu vzlik, yni an III xsin hm tki, hm cmi n ildilmidir(26, s. 125). n qdim forma olan alar bu gn qrz, or, tatar, baqrd dillrind isldilir (27, s. 124; 22, s. 137). 2) Arxaik iar vzliklri: Nsiminin Divannda sad rti olaraq dzltm arxaik iar vzliklrin rast glirik. a) Sad arxaik iar vzliklri: Divanda rast gndiyimiz ol, o//u, u, ol//ul, ibu, ubu, t, ut sad arxaik iar vzliklrdir: Andan br kim, eynimiz ol yzni grdi, Bir mu il asldi canm qaldi mallaq. (N.I426); ol lbi-irin, Yarbb, gr kr dersm nola?! ol gn taltl ay gr qmr dersm, nola?! (N.I50); Dilrmisn ki, sana l ver tcllilr, Gzni uyuma zndn u nfsini oda at! (Lek.32); Boyui tubiy sni nisbt edn n dil ola, Ubu qrarla cb srvi-rvanmsan, nsn? (N.II31). Bu gn Azrbaycan dilind tam arxaiklmi ol, u, ul, ibu, ubu, t//ut Nsimi dilind ox mqamlarda iar etm funksiyasn bildirs d bzi hallarda qvvtlndirici dat funksiyasnda x edir. Bu mnada o//u ss trkibi xsusil faldr: Gnci-nihan mnm mn u, eyni-yan mnm mn u! Gvhri-kan mnm mn u, bhrv-kan smazam!(553 I). Divanda ilnmi obu//ubu vzliklri d xsusi emosional mzmundan xali deyildir: Canimi bir nigahiln aldi hrami gzlrin, Gr ki n drl fitnlr ibu nigah iinddir!(N.I143); Ey zahid, ibu meydan fa oldi sirri-vhdt, Trk et ikiligi kim, yegrk imi libasi (Lek. 81); Ey Nsimi sbhdm, billah, u yarim xomudur? ol hbibim, dilbrim, almd varim, xomudur? (N.I215); ldi eqindn Nsimi, t dnyadan gedr, Sn muradil chand sr, ahim, ox yalar! (N.I343) . Trkoloji dbiyyatlarda arxaik iar vzliklri haqda mxtlif fikirlr mv-cuddur. O// u v onun fonetik variantlar haqqnda bel bir fikir var ki, bunlar myyn konkret bir yaya nvanlanarkn ilnir (4, s. 417). u haqqnda fikirlr daha mxtlifdir: N. K. Dmitriyev gstrir ki oo daha konkret iardir. V. A. Qor-dilevski qeyd edir ki, u glckd nzrd tutulan yaya iar edir. A. N. Konono-vun fikrinc u vasitsiz nitqi vasitli nitq evirrkn istifad olunur (14, s. 172). Byk bir alimlr qrupu hesab edir ki, u yksk ekspressiv emosional mnaya malik olub, bir yan digrindn ayrmaq n ildilir. Bir qrup alim bel fikir irli srr ki, u u datnn trkibind metateza hadissinin ba vermsi nticsind yaranmdr (15, s. 137; 19, s. 14).
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 18 Trk dillri vzliklri zr mtxssis F. D. Anin yazr ki, u ox qvvtli v nzr diqqti kck bir yaya iar edir (5, s. 105). Bu fikri ksr trkoloqlar mxtlif trk dillri materiallarna saslanaraq mdafi edirlr; bel ki, trkmn dilind (26, s. 129), zbk dilind (24, s. 13), qaqauz, trk dillrind (19, s. 132) u iar vzliyi bu iar vzliyin nisbtn daha emosional, daha ekspressiv mna xsusiyytlrin malikdir. K. Dmitriyev qeyd edir ki, ul//ol, bul vzliklri u+ol, bu+ol quruluuna malikdir (14, s. 173). X. Y. Suyunev gstrir ki, ul vzliyindki l unlar vzliyindki l ssinin assimilyasiyas nticsind ullarul meydana glmidir (26, s. 129). A. N. Kononov yazr ki, ibu vzliyi masir turk dilind sasn tyin kimi ibu viza (baqa viza yox, mhz bu viza) kimi ilnmkddir (14, s. 173). b) Dzltm arxaik iar vzliklri: Nsiminin Divannda (rti olaraq) dzltm arxaik iar vzliklrin rast glmk mmkndr: bunca, anca, munca: Gr nlhq sylmkdn dar aslsam, n m, Bunca Mnsurun aslm bai brdar t gr! (N.I291); Nql rvayt il vaiz zahid szi, Munca n sylr, gr tori mqami bilr? (N.II139); Sai qarsinin qmin ol n bilr ki, kmdi, Sirr biln yetr bu sz, anca sual dmsn! (N.I173). Beytlrd ilnmi bunca, munca ,sasn, bel, el vzliklrin uyun glir. 3) Arxaik sual vzliklri: netkim, ni//ney v bzi fonetik dyiikliy uram nin, nic Divanda ildilmi arxaik sual vzliklridir: Silsilsind snbulu can vtn eyldi nin, Yni ki, canm yeri shni-cinan iinddr! (N.I271); Mndn ayirma vslni, ni ki, ad olur du, Yrgini dular yaralu eyl, yar gl! (N.I124); Vslt bana myssr olmadi, Netkim bu yolda kdm oq mk (Lek, 86). Nsiminin dilind zngin zaman mzmunlu arxaik sual vzliklri vardr: qaan//xaan, qnd//xand, qani, qanru, qnqi//qysi, xans v s. grndy kimi bu vzliklrd sz vvlind q//x paralelliyi zn gstrir: Qaan ki, snbl zlf niqabi ay dr, Qmr shab girr, aftab say dr (N.I220); Sa qaranqusundan yz nuri grndi, Hr qand am olursa, ardnca sbhdmdr! (N.I320); Dilbra, sn hsn mn eylm mn aiqi! Xand kim, bir gl bitr, blbl qrandan glr! (N.I242); Hr ny kim, baxarisn, and sn Allahi gr! Qanru kim, zm qlsa smm vcfullahi gr! (N.I290); Ey qlan dvayi ki, ahm, dl insafi qani? Gr sfa hlindn oldu mrbi-saf qani? (N.II220); Canimi yandirdi vqi, ey nigarm, qandsn? Gzlrim nuri, iki almd varim, qandsn? (N.II36); Alm iind bigman snsn, miri dilbran! Gr ki, bu rsm padiah qnqi sipah iinddir! (N.I144). Nsiminin dilind ouz qrupu trk dillrin aid xsusiyytlr stnlk tkil ets d, yeri gldikc, qpaq qrupu trk dili elementlri d zn gstrir. Msln, qnqi sual vzliyi Divann Daknd nsxsind qysi variantndadr. Nsimi srlrinin elmi tnqidi mtnini hazrlam C. Qhrmanov yazr ki, airin srlri-nin Dakndd krlm nsxsind zbk-catay elementlri stndr v mu-miyytl, Daknd nsxsi zbk trkcsin uyunladrlmdr (9, s. 42). Grndy kimi, btn bu vzliklrin sasnda xa//qa elementlri durur. Qeyd etmk lazmdr ki, vzlik saslarnda ilk x//q samitlri txminn XV srdn balayaraq h samiti il vzlnmy balayr (1, s. 16). H samiti bu gn d bir ox sual vzliklrinin balancnda z mvqeyini saxlayr: haan? hans? han?
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 19 hara? V. . Aslanov gstrir ki, sz vvlind h qdim trk dillrind kay//qay//qa il vz edilir. Trk dillrindn frqli olaraq qdim monqol dilind XIII-XIV srlr qdr h btn sviyylrd itirak edir (1, s. 59). Trk dillrind vzliklrin tarixi inkiafn izlmi F. D. Anin ha-n oxmnal sz adlandrr v onun mnalarnn birinin d olduunu qeyd edir (5, s. 432). Nzr alsaq ki, (bzn bunlara hisscik d deyilir) n qdim dil vahidlridir, o zaman ha datnn sonralar iar etm funksiyasn qazanma funksiyasn qbul etmk olar, nki bu gn ha hissciyi bzi dialektlrd iar funksiyas kimi faliyytddir: habu, habl (ki dialekti, 109). 4) Arxaik tyini vzliklri: Divanda rast glinn arxaik tyini vzliklri bunlardr: kndu, kndzi: Nsimi, sn yqin hli-nzrsn, Bu nsnyi ql kndun adt! (N.I69); Knduyi bilmiyn bu dm qorqu ndr, n bilsn ol, Kndusini bilnlr sur ndr, xtr ndr?! (N.I271); Sn humayi-lam-kansan, kndzindn bixbr! Glmdi ta kim, grsn mnzili-layi-eq! (N.I429); Der Nsimi sana, qlin yar is, Kndzmni yazaram frmana mn (N.II226). Divanda z, kndu, kndzi paralel olaraq ilnir. Bu proses Azrbaycan dbi dili tarixind txminn XVII sr qdr davam etmi, faliyytd olduu dvrlrd xalq dilin, elc d, xalq yaradclnn dilin daxil olmam, yalnz dbi srlrin, klassiklrin dilind faliyyt gstrmidir (17, s. 176). Bununla yana, kndi vzliyi hm qdim turk (osmanl) abidlrind, hm d ada trk dilind ilnmkddir (14, s. 562). Qeyd etmk lazmdr ki, professor H. Mirzzadnin kndi vzliyinin folklor janrnn dilind mahid edilmsi haqqnda mlahizlri bu gn olduu kimi qbul edil bilmz, nki dbi dilimizin son illrd tdqiqi il laqdar qeyd edilir ki, Azrbaycan klassik dbi dilinin byk bir qolunu tkil edn v mdniyyt tariximizin XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX yzillrind yazya alnm Azrbaycan xalq dastanlarnn dilind kndi vzliyi fal kild ksini tapr (16, s, 160 ). Trkoloji ddbiyyatlarda kndi vzliyinin mxtlif yozumlar mvcuddur: S. E. Malov kndi szn kin-gbk sz il, E. . Ubryatova znmxsus sz il, trk alimi li lvi Elove kndk-mstqil olmaq sz il (15, s. 393; 3, s. 329; 11, s. 203; 11, s. 176) laqlndirirlr. A. N. Kononov bu vzliyi masir trk dilind znmxsus, z- z mnasnda ilndiyini qeyd edir. Biz el glir ki, trk alimi E. . Elovenin fikri il trkoloq A. N. Kononovun fikirlri yaxndr v biz d bu fikirlr dstk veririk, nki masir Azrbaycan dilind d, trkoloqlarn qeyd etdiyi kimi, znmxsus, z fikrind mstqil mnasn ifad edn knty sz vardr. Bununla brabr, kndi vzliyinin trk dillrind in mnli sz olmas fikri d maraqldr (16. s, 160). Kndi Azrbaycan dialektlrindn yalnz ki dialektind mahid olunur (12, s. 23). lk mnblr v ixtisarlar 1. M.Kaqari. Divan lat-it trk. MK 2. madddin Nsimi srlri .II 3. eyx Sfi tzkirsi XVI sr S. XVI 4. hdanam XVI sr h.XVI 5. Kitabi-Dd Qorqud Bak, 1988 KDQ
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 20 6. ah smayl Xtayi XVsr X 7. N. Kivri, XV sr K 8. M.Fzuli F dbiyyat 1. . ( ). , 1967, 1 2. . . , 1966 3. B.Atalay. Trk dilind ekler v kklr zerine bir deneme. Istanbul, 1942. 4. . . , 1958, 5. 5. . . . -., 1958, 2. 6. . . , 1951, 1. 7. . . , 1959. 8. . . , 1949. 9. C.Qhrmanov. Nsimi srlrinin tnqidi mtninin trtibi. srlri, I c., Bak, 1973. 10. . VI . , 1980. 11. J.Deni. Trk dili qrameri. Osmanl lehcesi. Tercm edeni. Osmanl Elovle. stanbul, 1941-1945. 12. . . . . 1972, 3 13. . . . . II., , 1956. 14. . . -, 1956. 15. . . -, 1951. 16. C.H.Mehdiyeva. folklor abidlrinin linqvo-poetik tdqiqi. Bak, Elm, 2003. 17. H.Mirzzad. Azrbaycan dilinin tarixi morfologiyas. Bak,1962. 18. H.Mirzzad. Azrbaycan dilinin tarixi qrammatikas. Bak,1991. 19. . . , 1964. 20. . . ,1974. 21. . . , 1966. 22. . . – – . , 1979. 23. . XVI . . . , 1972 24. .. . , 1985.
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 21 25. Fzuli M. Seilmi srlri. I c., Bak, 1958. 26. . X-XIII . . .-., 1961. 27. . . . 1977. 28. .C.krov, A.M.Mhrrmov. Qdim trk yazl abidlrinin dili. Bak, 1976. 29. .. . . . . , 2, 1978. 30. V.Qukasyan. Udinc-Azrbaycanca-rusca lt. Elm. Bak. 1974. – – ( , , ), , , . – , , , , . – , . , . Shukurzade Shakhnazkhanim Names – archaisms in the vocabulary of the Nasimis language Summary Names – archaisms (nouns, adjectives, pronouns) phonetic and lexical archaisms in the vocabulary of the Nasimis language divide into two groups. Archaisms nouns, used in the Divan are out of use now, remaining only in the dialects and being used only in some clauses. Archaisms-adjectives can be simple, compound and complex. In general the language of Nasimi and modern vocabulary of literary Azerbaijani language have identity. Ryi: Sevil Mehdiyeva filologiya elmlri doktoru, professor
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 22 GNAY QULYEVA AMEA lyazmalar nstitutu [email protected] RB DLND FELN MNA NVLR Aar szlr: fel bablar, mna ifad etmk, yaranmaq; : , , ; Key words: kinds of meaning of the verbs, express the meaning, to be created. rb dilind iri hcmli v mrkkb szdzldici v szdyidirici sistem malik olan felin n sad, ilkin v sas struktur tipi , formalarnda x v edir. killi fellr ox vaxt i v ya hrkt, killr az, killr is ox davam edn hal v ya vziyyt bildirir. samitli fel bablar: – in yarand yer glmk v ya getmk: maaraya gldi (getdi) – Felin bal olduu ismin obyekt daxil olmas. Mncidd yazlr: .Klk ev daxil olur – Felin bal olduu ismin ifad etdiyi mkana x: .Filanks shraya xd – Subyektin felin bal olduu ism malik olmas: Adam mal sahibi oldu, varland. :glm (zaman), nyin is vaxtnn glmsi – – .Namaz vaxt yetidi – Felin bal olduu ismin hrkt etdirilmsi: iyinlrini trptmk – Felin bal olduu ismi toplamaq: llk, qlm toplamaq ) ( felin bal olduu zaman isminin bildirdiyi zamanda haradasa qrar- – tutmaq: (yayn n qzmar vaxt) yayda (hardasa) qrar tumaq :oxalmaq mnasnda – – Orada xstlik oxald :geyinmk mnasnda – – Qara paltar geyindi. :byk olmaq mnasnda – – iyinlri byk oldu, byd. :qrlmaq mnasnda – – Kiinin vedrsinin ipi qrld. :zhur etmk, xmaq mnasnda – — .Aacn kkndn yeni zolar xd :istmk mnasnda – – t yemk istdi. :dmk mnasnda – – gnaha batmaq (dmk) :olmaq mnasnda – – tlndi. :ox olmaq mnasnda – – Dad oxald. :oxamaq, bnzmk mnasnda – – Canavara bnzdi. kinci kk samitinin ikildirilmsi yolu il birinci babdan dzlir. Mnalar:
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 23 Hrktin iddtli olduunu bildirir: sndrmaq ilik- ilik etmk – hrktd oxlu subyektin itirak: Sr ktlvi halda qrld. – Tsirlilik ifad edir: Onu sevindirdim v yrtdim. – Felin bal olduu ismin bildirdiyi zamanda hrkt bildirir: gnorta vaxt yola xmaq – Felin dzldiyi ismin bildirdiyi mkana, yer getmk v ya glmk: bn hmr deyir: Qarladm hr ks bildirirm ki, mn Bsry gedirm. – Felin dzldiyi say qdr hrktin tkrarlanmas: Qab yeddi df yudu. :geyindirmk mnasnda – – Ona mmam geyindirdi. :vermk mnasnda – – – Ona azuq verdi. Gnorta vaxt gldi. :Mrkkb birlmni bildirir – salam vermk :ynlmk – – Qrb v rq doru ynldi. nc bab birinci kk samitindn sonrak saitin uzanmas vasitsil yaranr. Bu babn ifad etdiyi sas mnalar aadaklardr: – v ya hrktin baqa obyekt ynldiyini bildirir. Msln: kim is mqavimt gstrmk kim is yazmaq – Chd v ya yar bildirir: tb kemk tb kemy almaq, yarmaq – Birinci babn mnas sasnda mnasibt bildirir: ;yax,nzaktli rftar etmk gzl olmaq – Subyektin felin bildirdiyi zamanda glmsi: .Onun yanna shr v axam gedirm – Felin bildirdiyi mddt rzind hrkt bildirir: Onu il rzind iltdi. – :felin slinin bildirdiyi yer glmk – ama gldi. – Fasilli hal-hrkt v vziyyt bildirir: .Xurma bir il gtirir, bir il gtirmirdi – Ardcl :hrktin birinin digrinin ardnca glmsi – oxudum. – Bnztm yolu il mnasibt bildirir: Onu it kimi tutdu. – evrilmk, olmaq mnasnda: Onlara krkn (qohum) oldu. :vermk mnasnda – – Onun fidysini verdi. .Sudan ox imk istdi :tlb, istk mnasnda – – .Maan iki df oxaltd :oxaltmaq mnasnda – – Drdnc bab vvlin lif () artrmaq v birinci kk samitini saitsizldirmkl birinci babdan dzlir. sas mnalar aadaklardr: -Tsirsiz fellri tsirli, tsirli fellri is ikiqat, bzn qat tsirli edir:
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 24 tcblndirmk tcblnmk – .ntensivlik v bir eyin oxaldn bildirir – – Qadnn mlk oxald. – Bu babda fellr tamamlqlarn tyin edirlr: Dnyaya qz ua gtirdi. – Felin bildirdiyi mddtd haradasa olmaq: Bu yerd bir ay qaldq. – Hadisnin felin bildirdiyi zamanda ba vermsi: .Kiinin yanna erkn gldi :daxil olmaq. Bu z d bir ne mnada ildilir. Msln – – Shraya .Misir daxil oldu .Sabaha vard .Ona atd vard. – Felin bal olduu ism evrilmk: Kasb oldu. :bir iin grlmsini oxaltmaq – – Onunla ox mul oldun. :zaman glmk – – kini bimk vaxt gldi. etmk mnasnda. Felin bal olduu isim daxili tamamlq – – yerind olur: qzla kmk :dua etmk mnasnda ilnir: Mncidd oxuyuruq – – Ona Allah sn su yetirsin dedi – .Onu apardm ki, su isin – :aparmaq mnasnda – – :kmk etmk mnasnda – – Ona qorumaqda kmk etdi. – hrktin tkrar, birinin digrinin ardnca ba vermsi: Ona ardcl (biri digrinin ardnca) nzr sald. .Onu gnaha sald – :salmaq mnasnda – – Beinci bab ikinci babn vvlin prefiksini artrmaqla yaranr: agirdi yrtdin v – :kinci baba qayd bildirir – – yrndi. hakimiyyti z zrin :z zrin gtrmk mnasnda – – gtrmk – – subyektin felin bal olduu ismi uzaqladrmas: .Gnah uzaqladrdm, trk etdim gtrmk mnasnda. Fel isimdn yaranaraq o ismi gtrmk – – mnasn bildirir: :kinci babda olduu kimi dekarativlik, mnasibt bildirir – – zn dahi sand. – kinci bab kimi intensivlik lamtini bildirir: Diqqtl baxdm. – simdn dzlrk hmin ismin ifad etdiyi mkana doru hrkt bildirir: .Mkky, Qibly doru getdim – felin bal olduu ismi gtrmk, mnimsmk mnasnda: dbiyyat mnimsdi. .rbldi :evrilmk mnasnda – – .Kii dul oldu :babnda ox vaxt bir eyin evrilrk slin malik olmasn bildirir ars olmaq
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 25 .rblr oxad :bnzmk, oxamaq mnasnda – – .Kynyi geyindi :geyinmk mnasnda – — felin bildirdiyi vaxtda hrkt: Ay inda onun yanna gldi. .Dalad :evrilmk (ny is) mnasnda – – :ikayt mnasnda – – Onun zlmndn ikayt etdi. .Shr yemyini yedi :yemk mnasnda – – :sl nsbin bilinmsi mnasnda – – Nsbi Kuf hlin aid oldu. – felin bildirdiyi mddtd haradasa qalmaq mnasn bildirir: Orada yayda qaldm. :daxil olmaq mnasnda – – Maaraya girdilr. :iddia etmk mnasnda – – peymbrlik iddia etmk – Baqasna mnasibt bildirir: Bildirdilr ki, o, yalandr. .Kii ir kimi oldu :felin sli kimi olmaq – – Altnc babn sas mnas qarlq bildirmsidir. Sibveyhi yazr: babna glinc, onu yalnz iki v daha artq xsin hrktini – nzrd tutduun zaman ildirsn: doladq, vuruduq v s. – Qarlql hrkt bildirir. Msln: yazmaq – yazmaq – Hrktd sniliyi, saxtal bildirir: xstlnmk zn xstliy vurmaq Qonaqlar :hrktd tdriclik bildirir – tdricn gldilr. .Ymn trf ynldi :istiqamt, ynlmk mnasnda – – .Qvm evrilib i oldu :evrilib olmaq mnasnda – — Ardcllq bildirir: Yarpaqlar ardcl olaraq ddlr. – Yeddinci bab birinci bab felin qayd bildirir. rb qrammatiklri bu babn yalnz tsirli fellrdn yarandn qeyd edirlr. Bzn eird bu rt pozulursa bu zaman onun eir xatirin olduunu gstrirlr: Sndrdm v snd. Yeddinci bab – hrflri il balayan fellrdn yaranmr. Qeyd olunan hrflrl balayan fellrin qaydn is skkizinci bab ifad edir: Doldurdum, doldu. – Birinci bab fellri il mnaca st – st dr: yaxlamaq – z zrind hr hans bir hrkt imkan vermk, rait yaratmaq mnasn ifad edir. z xarlmasna imkan vermk tapmaq, z xarmaq Yeddinci bab fellri yalnz tsirli felin qaydn bildirir. rblr bunu bel ifad edir: Qayd mnas yalnz vasitsiz hrkt v ya tsir olduu zaman olur. Skkizinci babn ifad etdiyi sas mnalar aadaklardr:
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 26 – Qaydlq bildirir: – birldirmk – birlmk, qoulmaq – Yeddinci bab kimi felin mchul nvn ifad edir: qzartmaq qzardlmaq :olmaq mnasn bildirir – – Kasb oldu. .Filanksdn zhmt, i tlb etdi :tlb etmk mnasnda – – :qbul etmk mnasnda – – Nsihti qbul etdi. :zaman bildirn isimdn dzlrk hmin zamanda hardasa olmaq – – Hmin yerd yazda olmudur. .Onu yalan (adam aldadan) hesab etdi :Mnasibt bildirir – – – – felin bal olduu isimdn istifad edilmsi: Qazanda biirdilr. – Bu iki fel, yni doqquzuncu () v on birinci () bablar rng v fiziki nqsan bildirn kklrdn yaranr v rng v ya fiziki nqsan ifad edir. Bzi dililr, o cmldn l-Hriri qeyd edir ki, qzard sabit halda ildilir, yni v ya ,sarald ,O ;is qeyri-sabit hrkti bildirir gah qzarr, gah da saralrd. Bzilri is, o cmldn Rza-l-Astarabadi l-Hririnin fikrini rdd edrk – ,babnn sabit- babnn is qeyri-sabit hrkt ifad etdiyini bildirirlr. Lakin deyilnlrdn aydn olu ki, hr iki fel hm sabit, hm d qeyri-sabit hrkt ifad edir. bn Yi v Sibveyhinin dediklri kimi, bir lhc daha ox , digri is iltmidir. Eyni mna ifad edn bu iki feldn ikincisi birinciy nisbtn daha mbalili hrkt bildirir. Msln: qzarmaq daha ox qzarmaq Onuncu bab vvlin artrmaq v birinci kk samitini saitsizldirmkl birinci babdan dzlir. Bu bab aadak mnalar ifad edir: – Arzu, istk v xahi bildirir: ,glmsini xahi etmk – glmk – dvt etmk – Mnasibt bildirir: – yax olmaq – yax hesab etmk – Hrktin subyekt ynlmsini ifad edir: z n gtirmk – simdn yaranaraq hmin ism evrilmk mnas: da daa dnmk – zhar etmk, gstrmk mnasn ifad edir: tkbbr gstrmk. .Ondan borc gtrd :gtrmk mnasn bildirir – – – – etmk mnasnda: Onu xlif etdi. :grmk mnasn bildirir – – Camaat ay grd. :sy etmk, almaq mnasnda – – Onu drk etmy ald. :oxluq bildirir – – O yerd ot oxald. samitli fellrin birinci babna hmz, vav samitlrinin lavsi v ikinci samitin tkrarlanmas il yaranan XII fel bab mbali mnasn ifad edrk birinci babda ediln hrkti gclndirir: kobud olmaq daha kobud olmaq
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 27 XIII bab samitli fellrin birinci babndan hmz v tdidli vavn lavsi il dzlmidir: – tlsmk. Bu bab da XII bab kimi yalnz birinci babdak hrkti gclndirir. XIV bab hrktd mbali ifad edir: ubuqla vurmaq mhkm vurmaq Birinci bab felindn hmz, nun v y hrflrinin prefiks, infiks v suffiks olaraq lavsi il dzlir: gcl olmaq; arxas st uzanmaq dbiyyat: 1. Mmmdliyev V.M. rb dilind felin zaman, xs v kil kateqoriyalar, Bak, 1992 2. Mmmdov . C. rb dili, Bak, Maarif, 1988, 630 s. 3. Sleymanov S. rb dbi dilind fel bablarnn qurulu v mna xsusiyytlri mvzusunda namizdlik dissertasiyas 1273 . .4 1994 .5 1316 . .6 . ( ) . . , , , . , , , . . , , .. G. Quliyeva Kinds of meaning of the verbs Summary The first written information about kind of the verbs came to us in Sibavey- his book. Sibaveyhi gave kind of the verbs in comparative form. The European, russian, turkish, azerbaijani arabists also have a great role in the investigation of functional and semantic features and structures of the verbs. Sarrac, one of the outs-
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 28 tanding representative of the Basra grammar school declares (informs) that we must use the verbs in the only form, because they express only one mean. Sometimes the verbs can substitude for each other. First of all the verb expresses an action, a new sign, at the same time expresses a long situation, a constant quality and so on. Ryi: Azad Musayeva filologiya zr elmlr doktoru, professor
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 29 [email protected] Aar szlr: yol tikintisi, termin, polisemantik, oxmnal, omonimiya : , , , , Keywords: road construction, term, polysemantic, homonymous – . – , , – , ( ), – ( ), , , – [8]. – . : ) ; ) ; ) . , , , – . , – , , – . , , , – -. , — , . , . , , . , , -. , , -, : -, , , , –
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 30 , , , , , , , , – ( ) [8]. , , . . : – , , , , – , . , . ( ) , , , . : ) , ; ) , ; ) , ; ) – , – [6] – , , . 3 . – 2-2,5 . , , -. (, , , ). , – . , , . , , . , , – : ) (+ ); ) ; ) . , , – . . , – : 1) , ; 2) , , ;
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 31 3) , ; 4) , ; 5) , ; 6) , . , – , , . , : ) , : , , ; ) , : , , ; ) , : , , , – ; ) , – : , -; ) , : , , . ) , : , (). ) , , : , . ) , : , , – , – . , : ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) [6]. – , : – , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 32 . – . , , : , , , , ( , ), , , , , , , , , , , (), ( ), , ( ), , , , . , , . , -. – . , , , – , . , . , , . , . , : ) : , ( ), -, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; ) : , – , , , -, , , , , , – , , ; ) , , : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 33 , -. . , : ), -: , , , , ( 3-5 , ), , , ; ) , -: ( – ), , – , , , , ( ), . ) , -: , – , , – (), (), – , , . , , – : ) , , – : (), , , , , , , , , , . . ; ) , , : , , () , , , , , , , , . .; ) , – : ( ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , – , () . .; ) , , : , , , , , , . , , – , . – – , , – , , , , –
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 34 , , , , , , – , , , , , . , – , , , , , . , . , . , -, – , . , . . – , , [5]. : 1) – , , , ; 2) – , , ; 3) (-), , , – , – . – . , , -, –, , – – . . – . . . , – :
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 35 – , -, . -, , – . – -. – , . , : -, , – , – , – , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , , : , , , , , , , , , (, ), , , ( , ), (), , ( – ), , ( ()), , . , – . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , : I 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4.. , .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 36 5. , , . 6. , . 7.. , . . . 8. ( ). , – , , . , . . , , : , , . . , – : – , . – – . – . , . , -, . , – , . – -, – . , , , , , . , .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 37 1. . . . . .: , 1977. – 200 .; 2. . . . . . .. ., 2002; 3. . . : . . – . . . , 1996; 4. .. , , . -.: , 1998. 157 . 5. . . . 2- ( ). 6. . 1-. . – , 2000 . 7. . . : // : . . /. . .. , . .. . :- , 2003. . 3. 8. . : – , 2005. C. 4. 232 c. 9. . . . . , 1993. 10. . – : . . . . : 10.02.20 : , 2003 196 c. // http://www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/94410.html 11. . . . 1994; . . . . ., 1987. 12. .. – . . . . . . ., 1987. Valiyev Tuychi Korjovovich Characteristic of highways and theme groups of terms of road construction Summary Some interpretation of the word are given in article the term and examples of terms which are most common in automobile road construction are given. At the same time it is specified that some common words can be used in value of terms of road construction. On examples division of terms as lexical units on monosemantic and polysemantic is shown. In turn multiple-valued terms are subdivided into polysemantic, multifunctional and homonymous terms.
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 38 Vliyev Tuyi Korjovovi Yollarn xsusiyytlri v yol tikintisi terminlrinin tematik qruplar Xlas Mqald n ox avtomobil yol hrktind istifad olunan terminlrdn bhs olunur. Bu terminlr yollarn tikintisi xsusiyytlrini znd ehtiva edir, tikintinin bir ox rhlrini tqdim edir. Mllif eyni zamanda gstrir ki, bzi mumilk szlr var ki, yol tikintisinin btn rtlrinin mnasnda istifad edil bilr. Bel leksik vahidlrin v monosemantik-oxmnal szlr kimi ayrlmas da gstrilir. z nvbsind onlar da oxmnal terminlr polisemantik, polifunksional v omonimik terminlr d blnr. Ryi: Afaq Ramazanova filologiya zr flsf doktoru, dosent
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 39 – [email protected] – Aar szlr: tkrar, tsnifat, semantika, linqvistika, ss. : , , , , Keywords: repetition, classification, semantics, linguistics, sound , -, , . – , – . (, 1964; , 1983; , 2009; , 2007; s, 2005), . , – , : [, 2005; , 1964; , 2006; , 1996; -, 1979]. . : – ; – ; – ; – . , – , . . .. , – [, 2006, 57 .], – . , . , , . , , . , . , , . , , . , , [, 2009]. , , . , ,
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 40 . , , . [, 2005; , 2000; , 1991]. , [, 2004]: – ( ); – ( ); – ( ); – ( ). , , , , . : 1) , (-, ); 2) , (, ) [, 2006]. , : . , , , . bebe. – : , . . – , , ( ) . , , – : . ( -; ). – , . , (, , ). , [, 2009]. , – . -. ). , , , , . , , -. ; , , – (, ), – , [, 2007,
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 41 22 .]. , : non-belief unbelief – ; : discomfort – uncomfortable . – ( ) : like dislike . – . , , . , . . – , . [, 1985, 5 .]. [, 2006; , 1958]. , -, . , , – , , , .. . , , . . – (- , – ) [, 2001]. , -, -, . – – . .. [, 1984] – : . ( , – ) ( , – ) . – ( , – ) ( , , , ) . – [, 2005; , 2000] – . . – : , , -, .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 42 , – – , . . . , – , – . . – [, 1964, 1 .]. . . [, 1977] , – . – , , [, 1983]. , , ( – ). .. , – : 1. . 2. – . 3. – . – : Gone was the cocksureness, gone were the hopes and what remained? , , , , . . . [, 1964] – : – ( ); – ( ); – () ; – , ; – . . , – , , -. – .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 43 , – , – , . , , , , , , , . , , , -, . , , , . , – . -, . 1. .. ( ) : , 1999. 2. .. . , 1969. 3. .. // Linguistics-II ., 2011. 4. .. . . . . ., 1993. 5. . . . ., , 1983. 6. , 5 . : , 2008. 7. . . : , 1969. – – – . , , -, -. , . , , , , – .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 44 Shahnoza Askarova Structural-semantic classification of repetition Abstract The article is devoted to the structural-semantic classification of stylistic means of repetition in different language levels. The attention paid by diversified linguists to the phenomenon of repetition, is caused by polyfunctionality of the last, and also its wide circulation in various speech genres. Relevance of this subject is connected with limited number of the works devoted to studying to the phenomenon of repetition. Repetition, as well as melodious expressions, is considered the important stylistic means giving speeches melody, beauty and emotionality and by that easier perceived by listeners. Shahnoza sgrova Tkrarlarn struktur-semantik tsnifat Xlas Mqal mxtlif dil sviyylrind tkrarlarn v digr slubi vasitlrinin struktur-semantik tsnifatna hsr olunub. Tkrar fenomeni oxlu sayda dililr trfindn diqqt alnm, polifunksionall mxtlif nitq vahidlri sasnda thlil edilmidir. Bu istiqamtd tkrarlarn yrnilmsin mhdud sayda tdqiqat hsr olunmudur. Tkrarlar, melodik ifadlr kimi, hmiyytli slubi vasitlrdn hesab olunur, gzllik v emosionallq dinlyicilr trfindn daha asan qbul olunur. Ryi: Afaq Ramazanova filologiya zr flsf doktoru, dosent
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 45 [email protected] Aar szlr: uzlama, frqlr, metodiki mslhtlr, monoloji nitq, mikrosistem, sz birlmlri, lamtlr : , , , , , , . Key words: agreement, difference, methodological recommendations, monological speech, microsystem, word combination, token. , -. , – -, . . . – , -, – (, -), i – , . , , , , — . – ( , , , -) , . . . -. : , , , – . 6 .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 46 , , , -, – , . – , . – , . -, – . – . , – , – . , . , , , .. – . , , – , – -, ? ? ?, , , , . , – , , , , , , . , – , – ? , , , – . , , : ) , –
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 47 , . ) : ) : ) ( ) : ) . – , , , – . , , ; – ; ; . , , . – . -. , , -. . , , , , . , , , , . , – , . ., , – , . , – –
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 48 . . – . , , ; – , . , -, . -, . – . – tmiz tarla; -tmiz tarlalar; -varl -varl fer-merin, -varl fermer .. – – -. , . – (alar qalib gldilr) (alar) . : , , , , , , : -(gzl ev) (gumu qaq) . . – – . – , – , : dmir qap- , -, , . , : uaq baxas- , neft mdni- . : . -, , – . : , . – dniz cuyu ordur.
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 49 , , – mktbin agirdi ( ) , – , . , , – , : (.. , ) mktb mullimi. , , : – byuk otaq, -tirli ik. – -, . : (.) (csartli) , – csartli ahin ahin csartli. -, , , -, . . -, , sar, ar, uca . . . – , , . ; , , .. , ; , -, , , , , – . – , l,sz, qan savad+l=savadl (), shv+siz=shvsiz (), al+qan=-alqan (). : 1) , , . : yerli (), sulu () – : sarmtl- , qsaca-, yaxca-; 3) : , .. – – , : – ikinci drcli, -qoalula, – drd sinifli . 4) -guzt gedn -quvvtli asma .
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 50 : keici- , oturaq-, asma – .. 5) – , , .. : bural-, dunnki- . , , , -, . – (, ); – (, -); (); – (); , – (—, –). , – ,. – , – , : yriburun- -, enlikurk-, bahaqiymtli- . , , , -qaraqgz , : –lliyal, yuxarda gstriln . , , – , –, — , , : —: geoloji- corafiya fakultsi .. – . , . -, , : , , – .. , , , , , . 1. ..- -. ,1998 1,.43-49 2. ..- . . ,1971
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 51 3. ..- , 1998, 1,.43-49 4. ..- . ,1987,1,.24-29 5. ..- – . , 1999, 2,.6-11 6. – .. . ,1998 7. .. . . 1964 8. ..- . : .1986 9. ..- . 1973 10. ..- . ..2- .,1974 11. ..- . ,2000, 4,.36-42 Ajdar Asgerov System of learning of adjectives in Russian and Azerbaijani languages Summary The given article deals with the problem of linguistic bases of teaching of russian language in Azerbaijani auditoriums. Here is investigated the issues of defining the model of object description which the scholars refer with abstract system of language, the other ones connect it with speech. The centre of attention is resemblance and difference in both languages. The basic goal of methodological organization of the research work on adjectives is develop the skill of agreement. jdr sgrov Azrbaycan v Rus dillrind siftlrin yrnilm sistemi Xlas Tqdim olunan mqald shbt rus dilinin azrbaycan auditoriyasnda tdri- sinin linqvistik saslarndan gedir. Burada obyektin tsviri modeli dilin abstrakt sistemi sistemi v nitq il laqsinin vziyyti gstrilir. Mqald mvzuya aid hr iki dilin oxar v frqli trflri gstrilir. Uzla-ma vrdilrinin sas, iin metodiki tkilindn asldr. Ryi: Mehdi Rhimov filologiya zr flsf doktoru, dosent
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 52 LAIN SGRL Gnc Dvlt Universiteti [email protected] SM AD QRAMMATK QAYDALARIN AGRDLRN NTQN FORMALADIRILMASINDA ROLU Aar szlr: tyinedici qaydalar-triflr, kmki tsviri qaydalar, dzgn yaz v dzgn oxu, cml qurmaq vrdilri Key words: defining rules, definitions, subsidiary-descriptive, correct writing and reading, skills of making up a sentence. : , , , . Milli mdniyytin trkib hisssi olan nitq mdniyyti v onun formala-drlmas davaml v uzun bir proisesdir. Nitq mdniyyti ndir, o, nec formala-r? suallarna zaman-zaman cavablar axtarlmdr. Bunun sbbi odur ki, filologi-yann digr sahlrindn frqli olaraq, nitq mdniyytinin konkret predmeti yox-dur, o, filologiyann dildn nsiyyt vasitsi kimi istifad qaydalarn yrnir. Rus metodistlrindn B. N. Qolovin Nitq mdniyyti ndir? sualna cavab axtarr v onun mnada ilndiyini gstrir: . a) nitq mdniyyti, hr eydn vvl, onun kommunikativ mvcudluu-nu rtlndirn lamt v xsusiyytlrin mcmuyudur; b) nitq mdniyyti dildn nsiyyt vasitsi kimi mqsdynl v manesiz istifadni tmin edn bilik v bacarqlarn mcmuyudur; c) nitq mdniyyti onun kommunikativ keyfiyytlrini znd cmldirn linqvistik biliklrin mcmuyudur [1,8]. Grndy kimi, nitq mdniyytinin kommunikasiya prosesind rolu, nsiyyt xidmt etmsi n plana kilir. Demli , dzgn nitq yiylnmk, onun formalamasn v inkiafn vaxtnda tmin etmk hm dildn istifadni doru kild istiqamtlndirir, hm d dilin nsiyyt vasitsi kimi rolunu qat-qat artrr. Prof. B. hmdov mktbd tlim fnlrinin qarsnda duran mhm vzif-lrdn birinin mhz agirdlrin tfkkrnn v nitqinin inkiaf etdirilmsi olduu-nu vurulayr (bax: 2,3). E. smaylova znn namizdlik dissertasiyasnda nitq inkiafnn dill dbiyyatn mtrk sahsi olduunu gstrrk yazr: Nitq prosesind dilin qaydalarn diqqt mrkzind saxlamadan, onlara ml etmdn aydn, dzgn nitq sylmk tindir(3,17). Lakin ox tssf ki, burada msl birtrfli qoyularaq, dil anlaylar dedikd orfoepiya( dbi tlffz), orfoqrafiya qaydalar, vuru, intonasiya, diksiya, szn mxtlif alarlarndan istifad nzrd tutulur. Halbuki btn bunlarn hams qrammatik(morfoloji) kateqoriyalarla tkil olunan cml qurmaq v onun slubi chtdn dzgn, anlaql olmasna diqqt yetirmkl tamamlanmaldr. Tsadfi deyildir ki, prof. H. Balyev nitq inkiaf zr aparlan btn ilrin yekununun rabitli nitqin inkiaf olduunu diqqt mrkzin-d saxlayr: . Azrbaycan dili tlimind sas mqsd agirdlrd fikri ifahi v yazl formada rabitli ifad ed bilmk bacarqlar alamaqdan ibartdir(4, 295) G. Abdullayevann pedaqoji elmlr zr flsf doktoru elmi drcsi almaq n
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 53 tqdim edilmi btidai siniflrd agirdlrin nitqinin ifadliliyi zr iin sistemi adl dissertasiyasnda bu msly daha hatli yanalr v tkc orfoqrafik v orf-oepik qayda qanunlarn deyil, elc d qrammatik qaydalarn nitq mdniyytin yiylnmkdki rolunu ab gstrir: Mlum olduu kimi, hr hans bir dilin fonetik, leksik (yaxud leksik-semantik), qrammatik (kursiv bizimdirL.sgrli), elc d orfoqrafik v orfoepik qayda-qanunlar vardr. Onlar yax yrnmdn, bilmdn nitq mdniyytin yiylnmk mmkn deyil. Haqqnda danlan qay-da-qanunlar myyn tarixi tkamln mhsulu olub, cmiyytin normal nsiyyti-n xidmt edir(5,17). Rus dililiyi zr metodistlr d bu msly eyni prizmadan yanaaraq, nitq mdniyytinin formalalamasnda dilin btn yaruslarnn laqli rolunu vurula-yrlar. Q. K. Lidman-Orlova morfologiyann tdrisind nitq inkiafnn sas aspekt-lrini bel rh edir: Rus dili zr hazrda faliyytd olan proqramn sas diqqt yetirdiyi msl qrammatikann yrnilmsi il nitq inkiaf arasnda tbii laqnin mvcudluudur(6, 4). Msly digr chtdn yanaan L. P. Fedorenko qramma-tik nitqin mnimsnilmsinin qrammatik normalarn drk edilmsini tmin etdiyini gstrir (7, 29) Qrammatik qayda- qanunlarn urlu, ardcl v laqli drki is agird nitqini meydana xarr. Aparlan mahidlr gstrir ki, trif v qaydalar mexaniki ola-raq zbrlyn agirdlrin nitqi xeyli qsurludur. Onlar hr hans bir mtni, abzas zbrdn syly bilrlr, lakin konkret bir msly z xsi tssratlarn bildirnd, vvlcdn hazrlanm ablonlardan istifad etmynd ox ciddi tin-liklrl zlir, fikirlrini ardcl, sistemli v anlaql kild ifad ed bilmirlr. Qrammatikann, elc d morfologiyann tdrisind diqqti kn msllrdn biri d qrammatik trif v qaydalarn yrdilmsidir. Hr hans bir dilin qrammatikas tdris olunarkn bu trif v qaydalarn nec gldi deyil, urlu v sistemli kild anladlmasnn byk rolu vardr. Prof. M. Hsnov bu bard yazr: Dil aid qaydalarn tdrisin, adtn, qrammatik qaydalarn yrdilmsindn balanr. Qram-matik qaydalar, mlum olduu zr, iki qism ayrlr: tyinedici qaydalar, kmki-tsviri qaydalar. Tyinedici qaydalara triflr daxildir. Kmki-tsviri qaydalara is, triflri xmaq rti il qrammatik kateqoriyaya aid btn materiallar daxil-dir(8,281). Orta mktb drsliklri zrind apardmz aradrmalar gstrir ki, tyine-dici qaydalar drsliklrd myyn yer tutur, lakin onlarn tyinat v qurulmasnda frqlr vardr. Msln, vvlki drslikd sim bhsin aid be tyinedici qayda verilmidir; bunlar ismin mumi trifi, toplu isimlrin, mnsubiyyt kililri v ismin hallanmasnn mumi trifi v ismin myynlik v qeyri-myynlik bildi-rn hallarnn trifidir (bax:10,120;149;150;157;159). Hal-hazrda mktblrd il-niln drslikd is bel triflr ismin mimi trifi, mumi v xsusi isimlr aid triflr, toplu isimlrin, xbrlik kililri v hallanmann triflri daxil edilir(11, 18;25;31;35;37) Triflr deyilir v adlanr ablonlar il bitir. smin mumi trifi beldir: yann adn bildirn, kim?, n?, hara? suallarndan birin cavab vern nitq hisssin isim deyilir. Prof. S. Cfrov sim tdrisinin nzri saslar adl mhur srind mvcud Azrbaycan dili drsliklrind ism veriln trifin elmi v metodiki chtdn , sasn, dzgn v mqsduyun olduunu qeyd edir. Bel ki,
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 54 bu trifd z ksini tapan ya( ey sznn cmi) mfhumu geni mnaldr; onda btn varlqlarn adlar hat olunur. (bu bard bax: 8,242) Bu trifd ism aid xsusiyyt nzr alnmdr: ya mzmunu, ismin suallar v onun nitq hisssi olmas. Fikrimizc, bu trifd isminsas nitq hisssi kimi tqdim olunmas unudulmudur ki, bu trifin qayfdalarna ziddir. Prof. . Frcov qrammatik mfhumun mzmununu aan mntiqi mliyyat qrammatik trif adlandrr v trifin qaydalarnda onun aydn olmasna xsusi fikir verir: Trif aydn olmaldr. Trifd izahna eytiyac olmayan lamtlr gstrilmlidir.( 12, 27;34). Bu baxmdan yuxardak trifi nzrdn keirrkn ismin hans nitq hisssin (sas, yoxsa kmki) aid olmas qaranlq qalr. Dzdr, vvlki paraqrafda sas v kmki nitq hisslrinin blgs verilibdir, lakin bu msl trifd d z ksini tapmaldr. Maraqls budur ki, prof. . Frcov 60-70-ci illrin drsliklrin istinadn yazr ki, . drsliklrda ismin trifi yann adn bildirn sas nitq hisssin isim deyilir klind formalamdr (12,39). Tlimin mntiqi qaydalar zr tdqiqat aparan B. Q. Farber yazr: Demk lazmdr ki, bu msl zr birbaa v ya dolays yolla bal olan hmiyytli il-rin grlmsin baxmayaraq, problem hl d hll olunmam qalr. Bel ki, indiy qdr drsliklr mntiqi chtdn tam v sistemli kild ilnmmidir, halbuki mntiqi mnasibt burada birinci yerd durmaldr, tkc bunun kmyi il tam ya-rarl drsliklr yaratmaq, qrammatik trif v qaydalarn maksimum dz v dqiq ifa-dsin nail olmaq mmkn olar( 13, 203-204). Drslikdki ikinci trif mumi v xsusi isimlr aiddir. Bu trif ox geni-lndirilmidir v tkrara yol verimidir: Eynicinsli varlqlarn hr biri mumi bir szl adlandrlr: aac, sr, uaq, k v s. Bel adlara mumi isimlr deyilir (kursivlr bizimdir L. sgrli) (11, 25) vvlki drslikd is mumi v xsusi isimlr kmki-tsviri qaydada yanalrd: Eynicinsli btn varlq v hadisl-rin mumi adlar mumi isimlrdir(10, 138). Hr iki trif qsurludur: birinci trif-d trifin mtnasibliyi pozularaq, tyin edn mfhumun hcmi iirdilmi, nmu-nlrdn sonra deyiln cml artqlq yaratmdr; ikinci trifd is trif dvredici xarater dayr, bel ki, mumi sznn tkrar sim isimdir tsvvrn yara-dr. Btn bu saydqlarmz is trifin urlu, znnkldirilrk zbrlnmsin v ya yrnilmsin mane olur. Son nticd uaqlarn nitq mdniyytinin dzgn-lyn, onlarn hr hans bir material, qayda v trifi oxuyub anlamasna, nitqin daxil etmsin ngl yaranr. Halbuki Azrbaycan Respublikasnn mumthsil mktblri n ana dili fnni kurikulumunda mzmun xtlri zr standartlara agirdin hl V sinfin sonunda dil qaydalarn mnimsdiyini nmayi etdirmsi tlbi qoyulur (bax: 14, 7). Toplu isimlr veriln triflrd is bel bir frq zn gstrir: 1)dilimizd mnaca topluluq bildirn szlrin olduu qeyd olunur v nmun verilndn sonra bel szlrin toplu isim adlandrld gstrilir; 2) lar, -lr kilisi qbul etmdn oxluq bildirn isimlr nmunlr verilir v sonra bel isimlr toplu isimlr adlan-drlr ( bax:10,149 v 11,31). Bu triflrin stn chtlrin, xsusn ikinci trfin sadliyin baxmayaraq, bunlarda da ziddiyytli mqamlar vardr. Dilimizd mnaca topluluq v ya oxluq bildirn xeyli isim var: su, salxm,mnlik,me,otluq v b. k. Bu szlrin hr birinin semantikasnda topluluq,cmlik mvcuddur; msln, me aaclarn bitdiyi yerdir, salxm zm gillrinin cmidir v s. Bunlar da
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 55 lar, -lr kilisi qbul etmdn cmlik, topluluq bildir bilr. Fikrimizc, toplu isimlri yrdrkn tyinedici qaydalardan istifad etmk istniln nticni vermir, burada hm trifin yax mnimsnilmsi, hm d nitq inkiaf n izahata, tsvir daha ox yer vermk,eyni zamanda bunlarn rti olaraq, toplu adlandn qeyd etmk lazmdr; msln, sgr orduda xidmt edn xsdir, sgrlrin cmin ordu deyilir; qoyun ev heyvandr, qoyunlarn cmi sr adlanr v s. Metodik dbiyyatda ismin tdrisin trifdn balamamaq tvsiy olunur, burada sas olaraq, induktiv yoldan istifad , ayr-ayr misallardan ntic xartmaq, bir nv qazanlacaq biliklri znnkldirmk tlb edilir. Bunun xsusil isim tdrisinin vvlind, elc d ismin mna nvlrinin(konkret-abstrakt, xsusi-mu-mi, tklik-topluluq bildirnlr) yrdilmsind hmiyytindn danlr (bax: 15, 132; 16, 98-99). Burada gstrilir ki, mumi v xsusi isimlr mvzusunun sistemli kild yrdilmsi n iki msly diqqt yetirilmsi vacibdir: 1) mu-mi v xsusi isim anlaynn formaladrlmas; 2) xsusi isimlrin yazl il la-qdar bilik v vrdilrin mhkmlndirilmsi. Mktb tcrbsi gstrir ki, agirdlrd mumi v xsusi isimlrl laqdar bilik v bacarqlarn formaladrl-masna ngl trdn balca sbblrdn biri onlara hmin mna kateqoriyasn mllimin mkmml drk etdir bilmmsi il baldr (16, 99) sm aid tyinedici qaydalardan biri d onun mnsubiyyt v xs(xbrlik) kateqoriyalarna aiddir. vvlki drsliklrd mnsubiyyt kililrin aydn v dqiq trif verilirdi: yann hans xs mnsubluunu (aidliyini) bildirn qrammatik kililr ismin mnsubiyyt kililri adlanr(10, 150). Bu trifd sas diqqt yann hans xs mnsubluu mslsin ynldilmlidir ki, nitq faliyytinin birinci mrhlsi (dinlyib-anlama) n optimal rait yaradlsn. Yeri glmikn qeyd edk ki, interaktiv tlim metodlarndan danan metodistlr ana dilinin kommunikativ mqsdinin reallamasnda hyata keirilmli olan vacib istiqamtlrdn birincisinin nitq faliyyti nvlrinin(dinlyib-anlama, danma, oxu, yaz) qarlql laqsinin nzr alnmas olduunu qeyd edirlr( 17,10) Trifin ikinci hisssi bu kililrin qrammatik, yni szn klini dyin kili olduuna iar edir. Bu da hmin kililrin mhz iki anlay sahib xs v mnsub ya arasnda laq yaratdn gstrir. Son drslikd mnsubiyyt kililrinin tdrisi n kmki-tsviri qay-dadan istifad edilir : smin bildirdiyi varlq mxtlif xslr( mn, sn, ona, bi-z, siz,onlara) aid ola bilr. Mnim dftrim dedikd dftr I xs, snin df-trin dedikd II xs, onun dftri dedikd III xs aid olur. Bu aidiyyat bil-dirmk n isimlr mnsubiyyt kililri qbul edir(11,33). Daha sonra kil-ilr sadalanr v mnsubiyyt kilili szlrin yiylik halda olan xs vzliyi v ya isiml balanmas gstrilir. Grndy kimi, burada sas diqqt aidlik, aidiyyata ynlmi, ona drketmnin sas kimi istinad edilmidir. Xbrlik kililri yrdilrkn trifdn istifad edilir: xs kililri q-bul etmi isimlr xbr olduundan onlara xbrlik kililri d deyilir(11, 35) Fikrimizc, adlarn tdrisind xs kilisi ifadsindn istifad o qdr d yerin-d deyil, nki bu kili daha ox fell baldr v bzn o ilnmy d bilr, la-kin xs tsvvr olunar:yazar, yazd, yazr, yazacaq. Prof. H. Balyev bu kili-lrin vzifsindn danarkn hkm v hrkt mfhumlarn bir-birindn frq-lndirir v mntiqi drketmy stnlk verir: Xbrlik kililri cmld hk-
Filologiya msllri 3, 2014 56 mn hans xs aid olduunu bildirmk n artrlm kililrdir. xs itirak etmdn d bu kililr vasitsil cmldki hkmn hans xs aid olduunu bil-dirmk mmkndr. Fellr artrlan xs kililri i v hrktin aid olduu xsi bildirirs, xbrlik kililri hkmn aid olduu xsi gstrir [4, 379]. Bu-rada xs v xbrlik kililri arasndak frq mntiqi mqayis yolu il akara xarlr ki, tdrisd bundan istifad agirdlri oxar hadislr arasndak frqlndiri-ci lamtlri (bu lamtlr czi olsa da bel) akara xartmaa istiqamtlndirir. sm aid sonuncu tyinedici qaydatrif ismin hal kateqoriyasna aiddir. Prof. M.Hsnov hal kateqoriyasnn yrdilmsinin nitq inkiafndak rolundan danarkn yazr: Hal kateqoriyas, cmld szlr arasnda laq yaratma

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