Ingilis dilinin leksikologiyası

2. Rahmatullayev.Sh . Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili. 1978

“O’ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDA LEKSIKOGRAFIYANING LEKSIKSEMANTIK XUSUSIYATLARI” Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Qarshiyeva Shaxnoza Toxirovna, A. A. Yo’Ldoshev

Ushbu maqolada o‟zbek va ingliz tillarida leksikografiyaning o‟rni, tillardagi faol leksik birliklar va ularning leksik-semantik xususiyatlari nimalardan iborat ekanligi haqida ma‟lumotlar beriladi.

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Текст научной работы на тему «“O’ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDA LEKSIKOGRAFIYANING LEKSIKSEMANTIK XUSUSIYATLARI”»

”O’ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDA LEKSIKOGRAFIYANING LEKSIK-

Qarshiyeva Shaxnoza Toxirovna

Chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti magistranti

Ilmiy rahbar, Chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti, PhD

Ushbu maqolada o’zbek va ingliz tillarida leksikografiyaning o’rni, tillardagi faol leksik birliklar va ularning leksik-semantik xususiyatlari nimalardan iborat ekanligi haqida ma’lumotlar beriladi.

Kalit so’zlar: Leksika, leksikografiya, leksik birliklar, frazeologiya, frazeologik birliklar , terminlar, lug’atlar

Muayyan til leksikasida bo’lgani kabi, uning terminologik tizimida ham o’z va o’zlashgan qatlam farqlanadi. Bu holat terminologik qatlamlar ijtimoiy ongda alohida-alohida tizimlar sifatida mavjud bo’lmasa-da, ammo ularning o’zaro variativ, sinonimik, omonimik, qolaversa, paronimik munosabatlarda ekanligi, shu bilan birgalikda, leksik, stilistik va frazeologik terminlarga qo’yiladigan aniqliq talabi, ayniqsa, termin o’zlashtirishning umumiste’mol leksikadan farqli ravishda ko’pincha subektiv va individual xarakterga egaligi kabi qator muammolar mavjudligini ko’rsatadi. Bu esa o’zlashmalarning shakliy, ma’noviy va grammatik xususiyatlarida ba’zan soxtaliklar vujudga kelishiga, chalkashlik, noaniqlik va boshqa salbiy holatlar yuz berishiga ham sabab bo’ladi. Shuning uchun bu holatlarni jiddiy tadqiq qilish, vujudga kelgan muammolarni hal etish, terminologik mukammallikka erishish katta ahamiyatga ega. Leksik birlik bu- narsa, hodisalar, ularning belgilari va boshqalarni bildira oladigan so’z, so’z birikmasi yoki tilning boshqa birligidir. Leksik birlik semantik birlik, so’zlarning bir so’z yoki ibora orqali ifodalangan sodda yoki murakkab tushuncha bo’lib, bu birlikning ma’nosini o’zgartirmasdan, hech biridan voz kechib bo’lmaydi.

ADABIYOTLAR TAHLILI VA METODOLOGIYA

So’zlarning biror maqsadda to’planib, tartibga solingan yig’indisi lug’at deyiladi. Lug’at tuzishning nazariy va amaliy tamoyillari haqidagi soha leksikografiya (grekcha lexicon – lug’at va grapho – yozaman) deyiladi. Lug’at tuzuvchi mutaxassislar leksikograflar deyiladi. Lug’at tuzish tamoyillari va metodikasini ishlab chiqish, leksikograflar ishini tashkil qilish, lug’at tuzish uchun asos bo’ladigan kartotekalar tuzish, ularni sistemalashtirish va saqlash leksikografiyaning vazifasidir.

Lug’at – so’z xazinasi, undan o’rinli va maqsadga muvofiq foydalanish inson bilimini kengaytirish, lug’at boyligini oshirishda hamda fikrni to’g’ri va ravon ifodalashda muhim omildir. XX asrning ikkinchi yarmi XI asr boshlarida o’zbek va ingliz lug’atlarini o’rganishga yondashuvlar muammolarni hal qilishda biz tanlagan uchta sohada aks ettirilgan. Agar lug’atlar ma’lum darajada konservativ bo’lsa, ular o’ziga hos kamchiliklarini va qadr-qimmatini belgilaydi. Chunki I. R. Galperin yozganidek, “leksikografiya hamma narsani o’z ichiga olishi kerak, u o’z qudratini, qadrini va nutqda qo’llanish qobiliyatini yo’qotmagan tilda yashaydi, shuningdek, so’nggi paytlarda tug’ilgan, hayotiy va barqaror bo’lib chiqqan barcha yangi narsalarni aks ettira oladi”.

Talaffuz lug’atlari yozishda qat’iy bo’lmagan, ammo talaffuzda namoyon bo’ladigan morfologik o’zgaruvchanlik darajasining mavjudligini ko’rish mumkin. Talaffuzda yozma ravishda standart sifatida belgilangan bir qator fe’llar o’zgaruvchan paradigmatik dizayndagi fe’llar bo’lib chiqadi. Misol uchun, leaned /lent/ u /li:nd/, leaped – /lept/ u /li:pt/, learned – /ld:nt/ u /ld:nd/, dreamed – /dremt/, /drempt/ u /dri:md/ talaffuz qilinishi mumkin.

Talaffuz lug’atlarini tahlil qilish jarayonida leksik birliklarning nostandart paradigma shakllari mavjudligini yaqqol ko’rish mumkin. Chunki nostandart orfografik shakllar faqat “nostandart” deb talaffuz qilinadi va standart orfografik shakllar ingliz tilida ikkita (yoki undan ko’p) “standart” va “nostandart” talaffuz qilinadi. Ayniqsa Amerika talaffuziga hos ingliz tilida buni yaqqol ko’rish mumkin.

Ushbu misollardan ko’rinib turibdiki, dispersiya darajalari mavjud bo’lib, xorijiy tilda so’zlashuvchilar ingliz tilida leksikografik tahlil yordamida aniq topishlari mumkin, chunki bu xususiyat yozma matnlarda o’z aksini topmaydi, balki og’zaki nutqda tahlil qilish mumkin bo’ladi. Lug’atlarni o’rganish zarur bo’lgan ikkinchi soha – lug’at va semantik tahlil katta va kichik vaqt oralig’ida siljishlar. Masalan, tarixdan shuni kuzatish mumkinki,

turli nashr etilgan yillardagi neologizm lug’atlari va turli nashr

etilgan zamonaviy izohli lug’atlarni o’rganish orqali yangi so’zlar va ma’nolarni ishlab chiqishga erishib kelingan. Ko’rsatilgandek, yangi so’zlar

1) dastlab lug’atlarda qayd etilgan so’zlar o’z holicha ma’nolarda uzoq vaqt saqlanib qoladi;

2) so’zlar semantik va stilistik jihatdan rivojlanadi;

3) asta-sekin lingvistik periferiyaga o’tish yoki lug’atni tark etishi mumkin;

4) qo’llanishda keskinlikni boshdan kechirgan holda, tilda davom etaveradi, istorizmga aylanadi, shuningdek, metaforik tarzda qayta ko’rib chiqiladi. \

XX asrning o’rtalaridan boshlab ingliz neologizmlari lug’atlari, XXI asr boshlarida esa ingliz tilining izohli lug’atlari olindi. Misol qilib olinsa, “Smog” so’zi 1955 yilda lug’atda neologizm sifatida ro’yxatga olinganligi ko’rsatilgan “Dictionary of New Words” va 2005 yilda ham bir xil qiymatlarni saqlab qoldi (“polluted air that is a mixture of smoke and fog” – 1955 [Ibidem] va “polluted air that is a mixture of smoke and fog”-2005 asosan quyidagi ma’nolarni berishi tahliliy misollardan ko’rish mumkin. Huddi shu ta’rif: “a form of air pollution that is or looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, especially in cities ” jumlasida ham berilgan. Xuddi shu kabi belgilangan neologizm sifatida 1955 yilda Meri Reyferning lug’atida VIP qisqartmasi misolida ham ko’rsatilgan.

So’z shakli, o’zaro bog’langan so’zlarning semantik tuzilishi va ularning nutqda ishlatilishi turli tillarda turlicha ekanligi tarjima jarayonida hisobga olinishi zarur. Masalan, Vebsterning Ingliz tili uchinchi xalqaro yangi lug’atida “eye” so’zining 20 ta o’zbek tilining izoqli lug’atida (2006), rus tili lug’atida (1981) esa “ko’z” so’zining muhim ma’nolari ko’rsatilgan.

Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida o’zaro bog’langan so’zlar turli xil yasama so’zlarni hosil qiladi: eyeglass, eye witness, eyeful, eyeless, to close ones eyes, up to ones eyes, in a pies eye, ko’z – ko’z qilmoq, ko’z olaytirmoq, ko’zi ochilmoq. Ko’rinib turibdiki, ikki tildagi muvofiq so’zlar ma’noviy, valentlik va qo’llanish ko’lamiga ko’ra o’xshash va farqli jihatlarga ega bo’lishi mumkin ekan.

Ma’lumki, leksik birliklar va frazeologik birliklar har bir tilning lug’at boyligini tashkil etuvchi til birligi sanaladi. Ular til birligi sifatida nutqgacha tayyor holatda bo’ladi. Shuningdek , har bir tilda leksik birliklar o’ziga xos lingvistik xususiyatga ega. Ammo barcha tillarda leksik hamda frazeologik birliklar til boyligi bo’lib xizmat qiladi. Polisemantik fraeologik

birliklar tilning lug’aviy tarkibini va nutqni boyitishga xizmat

qiladi va hissiy bo’yoqdorlik ma’nolarini mujassamlashtiradi. Shuning uchun biz tarjima qilayotgan vaqtimizda leksik hamda frazeologik terminlarni to’g’ri qo’llay bilishimiz kerak. Ana shundagina, leksikografiya hamda tarjimonlik sohasida katta yutuqlarga erishsak bo’ladi.

1. Abdulaziz.A, Sodiqov.N, Bashakov.N, Umumiy tilshunoslik T., 1979

2. Rahmatullayev.Sh . Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili. 1978

3. Oxford dictionary of idioms Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1999, 2004

4. Isayeva, M. A. (2014). RELIGIOUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FAMILY FUNCTIONS. The Way of Science, 90.

5. Raxmatullayev Sh. O’zbek tilining frazeologik lug’ati. – T.: Qomuslar bosh tahririyati. 1982.

6. Smirnitskiy A.I. Ingliz tilining leksikologiyasi. – M., 1996 yil.

7. Vinogradov V.S. Tarjimashunoslikka kirish. – M., 2001 yil.

8. Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка.-М. 1986.

9. Narimonova Z. Frazeologik iboralarning tarjimasi haqida.-T.:O’zMU to’plami.

Kafedralar

Hal-hazirda kafedrada 4 dosent, 6 filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru, 6 baş müəllim, 8 müəllim, 2 köməkçi heyət (laborant) vəzifəsində çalışan əməkdaşlar var, 1 nəfər müəllim analıq məzuniyyətindədir. 12 nəfər tam ştatda, 12 nəfər müəllim isə yarımştatda çalışır.

Kafedranın təşkil etdiyi təlimlər:

Kafedranın dosenti Məlahət Əkbər qızı Vəliyeva:

İngilis dili tədrisi üçün ingilis dili müəllimlərinə təlimlər:

1.26-31 yanvar, 2018-ci il,Hacıqabul rayonunda

2.9-14 fevral 2018- ci il, Şəmkir rayonunda – təşkil etmişdir.

Təhsil-2 fakültəsi nəzdində İngilis dilinin leksikologiyası və üslubiyyatı-2 kafedrasının müəllimlərinin 2017-2022-ci illərdə nəşr olunmuş dərslik, dərs vəsaiti, metodik vəsait və proqramlarının siyahısı.

Hüseynova M.Ə., Yunusova G. X. English Stylistics, Bakı, “Elm və təhsil” 2017, 300 səh.

Dərs vəsaiti

Hüseynova M.Ə., Yunusova G. X., Culture with speech styles, Bakı,“Elm və təhsil” 2017, 300 səh.

Aslanova Z.N. , Glossary of Stylistic and Rhetorical Terms, Bakı 2016, 146 səh.

Əliyeva X. Ş. İmprove your English through speaking, Bakı-2018, 134 s.

Əliyeva X. Ş Ingilis və Azərbaycan dillərində sintaktik konstruksiyaların transformasiyası, Bakı-2020, 193 s.

Quliyeva A.Ə., English proverbs and sayings (Upper İntermediate), Bakı, Elm və təhsil, 2018, 120 s.

Quliyeva A.Ə, Həndəsi metafor, Bakı-2022, 144 s.

Vəliyeva M. Ə. Явления морфемной интерференции в условиях Азербайджанско-английского билингвизма, Баку-2018, 131стр.

Hüseynova M.Ə., Yunusova G. X., English Stylistics, Bakı 2018, 15 səh.

Hüseynova M.Ə., Yunusova G. X., Culture with speech styles, Bakı-2019, 19 səh.

Aslanova Z.N., İngilis dilində ünsiyyət modelləri, Bakı 2018, 30 səh.

Əliyeva X. Ş. İmprove your English through speaking, Bakı-2018, 26 səh.

Məhərrəmova G. A., Xarici dildə oxu və nitq (İngilis dili), Bakı-2020, 46səh.

Vəliyeva M. Ə., İngilis dili debatlarla, Bakı-2020 14 s.

Hacızadə M.Z., Məmmədova S. S., Steps to better communication, Bakı-2019, 11 s.

Zeynalova T. A., Strategic reading (Oxu strategiyaları), Bakı-2019, 23 s.

Mikayılova A. R., Fluency Activities in communicative style, Bakı-2019, 15 s.

Təhsil-2 fakültəsi nəzdində İngilis dilinin leksikologiyası və üslubiyyatı-2 kafedrasının müəllimlərinin 2017-2022-ci illərdə 168 məqaləsi, 45 tezisi nəşr olunmuşdur.

Indeksləşdirilmiş jurnallarda

Vəliyeva M. Ə., Religious Aspects of Bilingualism in Azerbaijan, Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: USA, 2020

Səlimova N. S., British and American English and the position of slang in these languages, 2022

İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnallarda

Quliyeva A. Ə., Bədii ifadə vasitəsi: eyham və növləri, Elmi iş, 1.518 Yüksək İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnal №05/15, Bakı- 2021, Səh. 34-36

Quliyeva A. Ə., Həndəsi konsepsiyaların adlarının metaforizasiyası, “Elmi iş” İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnal V Respublika Elmi Qaynaqlar Konfransının Materialları, 02 noyabr 2021 Səh. 25-30

Səlimova N. S., “Jarqon” və “arqo” anlayışları Azərbaycan leksikologiyasında, Elmi iş, İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnal, 5 (15) Bakı-2021, Səh. 61-64

Hacızadə M. Z., Söz səviyyəsində praqmatik təhlilə dair, ”Elmi Iş” 1.518Yüksək İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnal bazasında “Elmi Araşdırmalar və Yeniliklər tezislər toplusu, Bakı-2021.

Qəniyeva G. N. Müasir ingilis dilində determinativlər, Elmi iş, 1.518 Yüksək İmpakt Faktorlu jurnal 2021, səh. 79-84.

Süleymanova G. Ş. “Votsap mesencer mesajlarında dil üslublarının üslubi təhlili”, Elmi İş, İmpakt Faktorlu beynəlxalq elmi jurnal. 15, № 11 Bakı 2021

Kafedranın dosenti Məlahət Vəliyeva 6-11 iyun 2022-ci il Erasmus + mübadilə proqramı çərçivəsində Polşanın Konin Tətbiqi Elmlər Universitetində İngilis dili üzrə Filologiya fakültəsinin tələbələrinə silsilə seminarlar keçmişdir.

Əlaqə : Kommutator – 012 564-06-41\52 daxili nömrə 127

Azərbaycan Dillər Universiteti Pedaqoji ( İngilis dili və alman dili üzrə ) fakültə

İngilis dilinin fonetikası kafedrası
“Eşitmə və tələffüz” – I, II, III fənnləri üzrə sillabusda təsbit olunmuş mövzuların siyahısı
1. The subject matter of phonetics.

2. The organs of speech. The work of the organs of speech.

3. The classification of speech sounds. Types of obstruction.

4. The classification of English consonant phonemes. The I principle.

5. The classification of English consonants. The II-III-IV principles.

6. The classification of English vowel phonemes. I and II principles.

7. The classification of English vowel phonemes. The III-IV-V-VI principles.

8. Syllable formation and syllable division in English.

9. Stress in English (general notion). Types of stress according to the degree of breath force and place.

10. Word stress in English. Words with strong stress; words with one strong stress and a secondary stress; words with two primary stresses. Rhythmical variations of stress.

11. Sentence stress. Exceptions to the general rule. №1.

12. Sentence stress. Exceptions to the general rule. №2. Intonation and its components.

13. Functions of Intonation.

14. Structural division of Intonation.

15. Graphical indication of Intonation.

16. Functions of the English nuclear tones.

17. The Head and its types.

18. English rhythm (General notion).

19. Formation of the rhythmic groups.

20. English front vowels [ɪ,i:,e,æ]; their articulation and description.

21. Low Fall (IP.I) in communicative types of sentences. Intonation Pattern I in use.

22. English central vowels [ɜ:, ə] ; their articulation and description.

23. Descending Head + Low Fall (IP.II) in communicative types of sentences.

24. English back vowels [α:,ɔ:,ɒ,] ; their articulation and description.

25. Low Rise (IP.III) in communicative types of sentences; Intonation Pattern III in use.

26. English back vowels [ʌ,u:,ʊ] ; their articulation and description.

27. English front diphthongs [ɪə,eə(ɛə),eɪ,aɪ,aʊ]; their articulation and description.

28. English back diphthongs [oʊ (əʊ) ɔɪ,ʊə]; their articulation and description.

29. Intonation Pattern IV in all communicative types of sentences.

30. Sequence of Tones; Intonation of Adverbials.

31. Special (or accidental) Rise. Intonation of Alternative and Disjunctive questions.

32. Intonation Pattern V.

33. Intonation of Homogenous Members and Appositions.

34. Intonation of Complex and Compound sentences.

35. English Occlusive-plosives [p, b, t, d, k,g]; their articulation and description.

36. Intonation of Direct Addresses (Vocatives) in all positions.

37.Intonation Pattern VI.

38. English occlusive nasal sonorants [m,n,ŋ]; their articulation and description.

39. Intonation of Parentheses in all positions.

40. English Constrictive fricatives [f,v,θ,ð]; their articulation and description.

41. Intonation of the Author’s words (reportig phrases) in all positions.

42. English constrictive fricatives [s,z,h,ʃ,ʒ]; their articulation and description.

43. English constrictive sonorants [w,r,j,l]; their articulation and description.

44. Occlusive –constrictives (affricates) [ʧ,ʤ]; their articulation and description.

45. Phonemes in connected speech (General notion).

46. Phonemes in connected speech: Assimilation (General notion). Assimilation affecting the place (point) of articulation and the active organs of speech.

47. Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords, the position of the lips and the position of the soft palate. 2)Degrees and directions of assimilation.

48.Modification of speech sounds: 1)Accommodation; 2)Elision; 3) Linking;

50. Intonation Pattern VII. Tune shape and use.

51.Linking: a) linking of consonants; b) linking of vowels.

52. Intonation Pattern VIII .Tune shape and use.

54. Intonation Pattern IX . Tune shape and use.

55. Intonation Pattern X .Tune shape and use.

56. High Pre-Head.

57. Intonation of Emphatic speech (Emphasis) (general notion). Intensity Emphasis. Phonetic means for intensifying the meaning of the sentences.

58. Increase of stress in Broken Descending Scale.

59. Intensity Emphasis: -Widening of the range; -Narrowing of the range. Sentences with widening and narrowing of the range.

60. Contrast Emphasis: (general notion).

61. Contrast Emphasis with High Fall.

62. Contrast Emphasis with Fall-Rise. Contrast Emphasis with High Rise.

63. Intonation Pattern XI. Tune shape and use.

64. Simple and Complex tones.

65. Intonation Pattern XII. Tune shape and use.

66. Combined tunes.

67. Compound Tunes.(general notion)

68. Compound Tunes High Fall+Rise. Tune shape and Use.

69. Compound Tunes: several High Falls within one Intonation group.

70. Intonation Pattern XIII. Tune shape and use.

71. Intonation Pattern XIV. Tune shape and use.

72. Intonation of salutations, apologies and gratitudes.

73. Intonation Pattern XV. Tune shape and use.

74. Intonation of some expressions.

İngilis dilinin fonetikası kafedrasının müdiri: prof.F.H.Zeynalov

Fakültə: Pedaqoji (ingilis-alman)

İxtisas: İngilis dili (müəllimliyi)

İngilis dilinin üslubiyyatı kafedrası tərəfindən

İngilis dilinin üslubiyyatı fənni üzrə Dövlət imtahanına verilən

General Notes on Style and Stylistics
Varieties of Language (written and spoken)
Types of Lexical Meaning (logical, emotive, nominal)
Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
Special Literary Vocabulary (terms, poetic words, archaic words, barbarisms and foreignisms, literary coinages)
Special Colloquial Vocabulary (slang, jargonisms, professionalisms, dialectal words, vulgar words, colloquial coinages)
Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices (metaphor, metonymy, irony, polysemantic effect, zeugma and pun, interjections and exclamatory words, the epithet, oxymoron, antonomasia, euphemism, hyperbole, the cliché, proverbs and sayings, epigrams, quotations, allusions, decomposition of set phrases)
Lexico-Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices (simile, periphrasis, antithesis, climax, anticlimax, litotes)
Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices (supra-phrasal units, the paragraph, stylistic inversion, detached construction, parallel construction, chiasmus, repetition, enumeration, suspense, asyndeton, polysyndeton, the gap-sentence link, ellipsis, break and question in-the-narrative, represented speech, rhetorical question)
Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices (onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm)
Functional Styles of the English Language (the belles-lettres style, publicistic style, newspaper style, scientific prose style, the style of official documents)
The Belles-Lettres Style (language of poetry, emotive prose, language of drama)

Kafedra müdiri: f.e.d., dos. S.S.Zeynalova

İngilis dilinin Leksikologiyası kafedrasından Leksikologiya Fənnindən Dövlət imtahanına verilən mövzuların siyahısı

The object and aims of Lexicology and other branches of linguistics Synchronic and diachronic approaches in Lexichology
Word Theory. The structure of English word
Word formation in English
Productive way of word Formation (Conversation)
Affixation
Compounding
Shortening. Non-productive Way of Word formation. Miscellaneons models of word building
Borrowings
The Stylistic diffrentiation of English vocabulary (Neologisms)
Archaisms
Semasiology: types of meaning
Synonyms
Antonyms
Polysemy
Homonymy
Metaphor
Metanomy
Synecdoche, Hyberbole
Euphemism, Taboo words
Free word combination and bound word combination
Phraseology
Lexicography
Standard and substandard English
Methods of linguistic analysis

Kafedra müdiri: dos. A.M.Cəfərov

AZƏRBAYCAN DİLLƏR UNİVERSİTETİ

TELEVISION AND SOCIETY
LIFELONG EDUCATION
PURCHASED BEAUTY/ APPEARANCE
LIVING IN AN APARTMENT / DORMITORY
QUALITIES OF A GOOD NEIGHBOUR
THE ROLE OF SPORT IN SOCIETY
WOMEN AND SOCIETY
DEPENDENCE ON COMPUTERS
THE COUNTRY OF YOUR DREAM
MUSIC /TYPES OF MUSIC
TRAVELLING ALONE OR WITH A COMPANION
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
FAMILY TIES (NEF PRE-INTERM. 1B)
PROBLEM TEENAGERS (NEF PRE-INTERM. 4B)
JUDGING PEOPLE BY APPEARANCE (NEF INTERMEDIATE. 3B)
FAILURE IS A START OF NEW EFFORTS (NEF INTERMEDIATE. 3C)
PRIVATE OR PUBLIC SCHOOLS (NEF INTERMEDIATE. 4A)
COMMUNITY SERVICE FOR PETTY CRIMES (NEF UPPER-INTERM. 3A)
SLEEP DEPRIVATION (NEF UPPER-INTERM. 5B)
THE LIFE OF CELEBRITIES (NEF UPPER-INTERM. 5C)
ADVERTISING ENSURES SALES (NEF UPPER-INTERM. 7B)
MOTIVATION IS THE PATH TO SUCCESS (NEF ADVANCED 1A)
TAKING CARE OF ELDERLY PARENTS (NEF ADVANCED 1B)
WORKING EXTRA HOURS (NEF ADVANCED 2B)
NOISE POLLUTION (NEF ADVANCED 3A)
MONEY CANNOT BUY EVERYTHING (NEF ADVANCED 3C)
OVERSEAS HOLIDAYS
PROTECTION OF ENVİRONMENT
TEENAGERS NEED HELP WITH DECISION-MAKING
UNFORGETTABLE MEMORY/MEMORABLE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE
HIGH-PAYING OR FAVOURITE JOB
THE POWER OF PERSISTENCE
MASS MEDIA
URBAN OR RURAL LIFE
BAKU SIGHTSEEING
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
RISING GENERATION/FROM GENERATION TO GENERATE/GENERATİON GAP
WHAT MAKES A GOOD SON/DAUGHTER/TEACHER?
LOCAL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
SOURCES OF SUCCESS
FASHION AND CLOTHES
MARRIAGE (SPEED, ARRANGED, LOVE MARRIAGE)
EATING HABITS/OBESITY
DRUG ADDICTION
SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 20 th CENTURY
LEISURE TIME
BOOKS VS E-BOOKS
STUDYING AT COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY
TECHNOLOGY WILL REPLACE TEACHERS
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
TRAFFIC JAMS
A FAMOUS PERSON IN YOUR COUNTRY
SKILLS FOR SUCCESS IN THE WORLD
THE WAYS OF LEARNING
OLD OR MODERN BUILDINGS

PROF. G. HÜSEYNZADƏ

F.E.D. S. ZEYNALOVA

F.F.D., DOS. A. CƏFƏROV

F.F.D., DOS. A. BAYRAMOVA

HOW DOES TELEVISION INFLUENCE PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOUR?

EDUCATION IS A LIFELONG PROCESS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

NOWADAYS PEOPLE SPEND MUCH MORE TIME AND MONEY ON THEIR APPEARANCE THAN BEFORE. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE?

LIVING IN AN APARTMENT INSTEAD OF A UNIVERSITY DORMITORY HAS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. DISCUSS SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF APARTMENT LIVING, AND THEN JUSTIFY YOUR PREFERENCE.

NEIGHBOURS ARE THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE NEAR US. IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD NEIGHBOUR?

OVER THE PAST FIFTY YEARS SPORT HAS PLAYED AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN OUR SOCIETY AS SUBSTITUTE FOR WAR. THEREFORE, THE VAST AMOUNTS OF MONEY SPENT ON INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS SUCH AS THE OLYMPIC GAMES CAN BE JUSTIFIED.

THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY HAS CHANGED MARKEDLY IN THE LAST TWNETY YEARS. MANY OF THE PROBLEMS YOUNG PEOPLE NOW EXPERIENCE, SUCH AS JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, ARISE FROM THE FACT THAT MANY MARRIED WOMEN NOW WORK AND ARE NOT AT HOME TO CARE FOR THEIR CHILDREN. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THIS OPINION?

WE ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT ON COMPUTERS. THEY ARE USED IN BUSINESSES, HOSPITALS, CRIME DETECTION AND EVEN TO FLY PLANES. WHAT THINGS WILL THEY BE USED FOR IN THE FUTURE? IS THIS DEPENDENCE ON COMPUTERS A GOOD THING OR SHOULD WE BE MORE SUSPICIOUS OF THEIR BENEFITS?

YOU HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT A FOREIGN COUNTRY FOR TWO WEEKS. WHICH COUNTRY WOULD YOU LIKE TO VISIT? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND DETAILS TO EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE.

THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSIC IN THE WORLD TODAY. WHY DO WE NEED MUSIC? IS THE TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF A COUNTRY MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE INTERNATIONAL MUSIC THAT IS HEARD EVERYWHERE NOWADAYS?

SOME PEOPLE LIKE TO TRAVEL WITH A COMPANION. OTHER PEOPLE PREFER TO TRAVEL ALONE. WHICH DO YOU PREFER? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR CHOICE.

THERE HAVE BEEN MANY TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20 TH CENTURY, FOR EXAMPLE IN TRANSPORT, TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND HEALTH. WHAT TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT DO YOU THINK HAS BEEN THE MOST IMPORTANT? HOW HAS IT CHANGED PEOPLE’S LIVES? HAVE ALL THE CHANGES BEEN POSITIVE?

FAMILY ALWAYS UNDERSTANDS US BETTER THAN FRIENDS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SHOULD TAKE ON THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROBLEM TEENAGERS IF PARENTS CANNOT MANAGE THE LATTER. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?

ONE CAN NEVER KNOW A PERSON JUDGING HIM/HER ONLY BY APPEARANCE. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE?

FAILURE IS A START OF NEW EFFORTS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

PRIVATE SCHOOLS ARE USUALLY MUCH BETTER THAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

COMMUNITY SERVICE IS THE BEST SENTENCE FOR PETTY CRIMES. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?

SLEEP DEPRIVATION THREATENS OUR HEALTH ALONG WITH WRONG DIET AND SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

CELEBRITIES SHOULD NOT HIDE THEIR PRIVATE LIVES FROM THE PUBLIC EYE. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?

SUCCESSFUL ADVERTISING ENSURES MASSIVE SALES. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

MOTIVATION IS THE PATH TO SUCCESS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

IT IS A MORAL DUTY OF CHILDREN TO TAKE CARE OF THEIR ELDERLY PARENTS. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?

WHICH WOULD YOU CHOOSE: A HIGH-PAYING JOB WITH LONG HOURS THAT WOULD GIVE YOU LITTLE TIME WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS OR A LOWER-PAYING JOB WITH SHORTER HOURS THAT WOULD GIVE YOU MORE SPARE/FREE TIME REPETITION? EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE, USING SPECIFIC REASONS AND DETAILS.

NOISE POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF MODERN URBAN LIFE. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?

THE MOST PRECIOUS THINGS IN OUR LIFE CANNOT BE BOUGHT WITH MONEY. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE?

YOU HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT A FOREIGN COUNTRY FOR TWO WEEKS. WHICH COUNTRY WOULD YOU LIKE TO VISIT? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND DETAILS TO EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE.

MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE LOSING IMPORTANT NATURAL RESOURCES, SUCH AS FORESTS, ANIMALS, OR CLEAN WATER. CHOOSE ONE RESOURCE THAT IS DISAPPEARING AND EXPLAIN WHY IT NEEDS TO BE SAVED?

DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT? PARENTS OR OTHER ADULT RELATIVES SHOULD MAKE IMPORTANT DECISIONS FOR THEIR OLDER (15-TO 18-YEAR-OLD) TEENAGE CHILDREN. USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR OPINION.

DESCRIBE A MEMORABLE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE. GIVE REASONS WHY YOU REMEMBER IT.

DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS? THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF A JOB IS THE MONEY A PERSON EARNS. USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR OPINION.

THE EXPRESSIONS “NEVER, NEVER GIVE UP” MEANS TO KEEP TRYING AND NEVER STOP WORKING FOR YOUR GOALS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT? TELEVISION, NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER MEDIA PAY TOO MUCH ATTENTION TO THE PERSONAL LIVES OF FAMOUS PEOPLE SUCH AS PUBLIC FIGURES AND CELEBRITIES. USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND DETAILS TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

SOME PEOPLE PREFER TO LIVE IN A SMALL TOWN. OTHERS PREFER TO LIVE IN A BIG CITY. WHICH PLACE WOULD YOU PREFER TO LIVE IN? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND DETAILS TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

A FOREIGN VISITOR HAS ONLY ONE DAY TO SPEND IN YOUR COUNTRY. WHERE SHOULD THIS VISITOR GO ON THAT DAY? WHY?

PEOPLE DO MANY DIFFERENT THINGS TO STAY HEALTHY. WHAT DO YOU DO FOR GOOD HEALTH? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

EVERY GENERATION OF PEOPLE IS DIFFERENT IN IMPORTANT WAYS. HOW IS YOUR GENERATION DIFFERENT FROM YOUR PARENTS’ GENERATION? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

WHAT ARE IMPORTANT QUALITIES OF A GOOD SON OR DAUGHTER? HAVE THESE QUALITIES CHANGED OR REMAINED THE SAME OVER TIME IN YOUR CULTURE? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

DESCRIBE A CUSTOM FROM YOUR COUNTRY THAT YOU WOULD LIKE PEOPLE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES TO ADOPT. EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE USING SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES.

SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT SUCCESS IN LIFE COMES FROM TAKING RISKS OR CHANCES. OTHERS BELIEVE THAT SUCCESS RESULTS FROM CAREFUL PLANNING. IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT DOES SUCCESS COME FROM? USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.

FASHION TRENDS ARE DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW THESE DAYS, AND IT IS WIDELY BELIEVED THAT THEY PRIMARILY EXIST JUST TO SELL CLOTHES. SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE WE SHOULDN’T FOLLOW THEM AND THAT WE SHOULD DRESS IN WHAT WE LIKE AND FEEL COMFORTABLE IN. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THIS OPINION?

INTERNET HAS PROVIDED US THE EASY DOWNLOADABLE VERSIONS OF MOST BOOKS WE NEED. CAN INTERNET WORLD REPLACE THE WORLD OF BOOKS AND WORDS?

DO YOU THINK SPEED DATING IS A GOOD WAY OF MEETING A PARTNER?

SOME PEOPLE PREFER TO EAT AT FOOD STANDS OR RESTAURANTS. OTHER PEOPLE PREFER TO PREPARE AND EAT FOOD AT HOME. WHICH DO YOU PREFER?

DRUG ABUSE HAS BECOME A MAJOR SOCIAL PROBLEM IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD. DISCUSS THE CONSEQUENCES DRUG ABUSE AND THE WAYS TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM.

WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY?

SOME PEOPLE THINK THAT IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE LEISURE TIME FOR ACTIVITIES THAT IMPROVE THE MIND, SUCH AS READING AND DOING WORD PUZZLES. OTHER PEOPLE FEEL THAT IT IS IMPORTANT TO REST THE MIND DURING LEISURE TIME. WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?

PEOPLE ATTEND COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY FOR MANY DIFFERENT REASONS (FOR EXAMPLE: NEW EXPERIENCES, CAREER PREPARATION, INCREASED KNOWLEDGE). WHY DO YOU ATTEND COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY?

AS COMPUTERS ARE BEING USED MORE AND MORE IN EDUCATION, THERE WILL BE SOON NO ROLE FOR TEACHERS IN THE CLASSROOM. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THIS VIEW?

MILLIONS OF PEOPLE EVERY YEAR MOVE TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES SUCH AS AUSTRALIA, BRITAIN OR AMERICA, IN ORDER TO STUDY AT SCHOOL, COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY. WHY DO SO MANY PEOPLE WANT TO STUDY ENGLISH? WHY IS ENGLISH SUCH AN IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE?

EVERY DAY TRAFFIC SEEMS TO GET WORSE ON OUR ROADS. HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE NUMBER OF CARS ON OUR ROADS TODAY?

YOUR CITY HAS DECIDED TO BUILD A STATUE OR MONUMENT TO HONOUR A FAMOUS PERSON IN YOUR COUNTRY. WHO WOULD YOU CHOOSE?

WHAT IS A VERY IMPORTANT SKILL A PERSON SHOULD LEARN IN ORDER TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN THE WORLD TODAY. CHOOSE ONE SKILL AND USE SPECIFIC REASONS AND EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR OPINION.

PEOPLE LEARN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. SOME PEOPLE LEARN BY DOING THINGS; OTHER PEOPLE LEARN BY READING ABOUT THINGS; OTHERS LEARN BY LISTENING TO PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THINGS. WHICH OF THESE METHODS OF LEARNING IS BEST FOR YOU?

SHOULD A CITY TRY TO PRESERVE ITS OLD, HISTORICAL BUILDINGS OR DESTROY THEM AND REPLACE THEM WITH MODERN BUILDINGS?

TƏRTİB ETDİLƏR: PROF. M. QAZIYEVA