Gmdss tester mrts-7 user manual

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Quru sərhədləri BU SƏBƏBDƏN açılmır

Azərbaycanda quru sərhədlərinin açılmasına dair müzakirələr davam edir. Yay mövsümündə sərhədlərin açılmasının turizm baxımından vacib olduğu bildirilsə də, rəsmi qurumlar quru yolu ilə gediş-gəlişin bərpasına tələsmirlər. Qonşu ölkələrdə koronavirusa yoluxma hallarının azalmasına baxmayaraq, Azərbaycanın quru sərhədlərini açmamasının səbəbləri maraq doğurur.

Azərbaycan quru sərhədlərini niyə açmır? Buna səbəb nədir?

Milli.Az xəbər verir ki, bu barədə modern.az-a danışan Milli Məclisin deputatı Rüfət Quliyev bildirib ki, quru sərhədlərinin açılması məsuliyyət deməkdir:

“Bu məsuliyyəti Operativ Qərərgah boynuna götürməlidir. Biz pandemiyanın qarşısını aldıq, koronavirus təhlükəsini geridə qoyduq. Lakin bizdən fərqli olaraq, bəzi ölkələrdə vəziyyət yenə gərgindir. Çində, eləcə də Avropanın özündə yoluxma sayında yenidən artım müşahidə edilir. Bunları nəzərdən qaçırmaq olmaz”.

Deputat bildirib ki, dövlət qurumları monitorninq aparır, qonşu ölkələrdəki vəziyyəti yaxından izləyir:

“Dövlət öz addımlarını necə lazımdır, o formada da atır. Ancaq məsuliyyət söhbəti var. Bu gün biz deyirik ki, turizm mövsümü başlayır, quru sərhədləri açılsın. Bəs bunun məsuliyyətini kim öz üzərinə götürəcək? Dünən iki nəfərdə yoluxma aşkarlanıb. Sabah Allah göstərməsin, yoluxma 10 minə çıxsa, səhiyyə ocaqlarına belə təzyiq olsa, onda kim cavab verəcək? Yenə qapanma, yenə problem olacaq. Bunu istəyən varmı? Ona görə də, vətəndaşlardan səbrli olmalarını xahiş edirəm. Gəlin, dövlətin işinə qarışmayaq. Dövlət öz işini bilir. Prosesləri praqmatik formada aparır. Səbrli olaq, vaxtı gələndə Operativ Qərargah qərar verəcək və sərhədləri açacaq”.

Deputat Asim Mollazdə hesab edir ki, sərhədlərin açılması barədə qərar verərkən, qonşu ölkələrdə epidemik vəziyyəti nəzərə almaq lazımdır:

“Qonşu ölkələrdə, Rusiyada, İranda hələ problemlər öz həllini tapmayıb. Hətta Gürcüstanda yoluxanların sayında artım hiss olunur. Düşünürəm ki, bizim müvafiq orqanlar məhz qonşu ölkələrdəki vəziyyəti nəzərdən keçirməli, yoluxma sayının minimuma enməsindən sonra öz qərarını verməlidir”.

Milli.Az

gmdss tester mrts-7 user manual

Changes indication page Actual content pages Contents Item 1 Purpose Item 2 Main features and characteristics Item 3 Complete set Item 4 Operation Item 5 Preparation for operation and operation procedures

22.01.07 22.01.07 22.01.07 14.01.08

Item 6 Operation guideline Item 7 Testers calibration Item 8 Maintenance guideline Item 9 Storage rules Appendix 1. Controller software update manual

Actual content pages

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

CONTENTSItem name Changes indication page Actual content pages Contents Purpose Main features and characteristics Complete set Operation Preparation for operation and operation procedures Operation guideline Testers calibration Maintenance guideline Storage rulesController software update manual

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Appendix 1

4-5 6-7 8 9 10-15 16-16-16 17 18 19 20

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

1. PURPOSE The MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System MRTS-7 (further tester) is intended to carry out the efficiency, maintenance and servicing tests of the following equipment (under IMO A.948(23) resolution): VHF receiver-transmitters: – efficiency tests on 6, 13 and 16 channels; – test of frequency and output power; VHF receiver-transmitters with DSC: – test confirming the correctness of the MMSI code programmed in equipment without any broadcast emission; – test of correct transmission/reception of DSC messages by means of transmission/ reception of test message; MF/HF radiotelephone equipment : – test of frequency tolerance in range (1600 30000) kHz; – efficiency tests by means of transmission line quality and transmitter output power measurements; – efficiency test in all frequency range (1600 30000) kHz; MF/HF DSC controllers: – test confirming the correctness of the MMSI code programmed in equipment; – test of presence of emergency signal on MF/HF with DSC by means of transmission of DSC Distress message; MF/HF receivers monitoring the DSC: – efficiency test by means of transmission of test call; NAVTEX equipment : – efficiency test by means of transmission of test message; VHF duplex radiotelephony equipment: – efficiency tests on 6, 13 and 16 channels; – frequency tolerance test and frequency deviation estimation; VHF equipment of duplex radiotelephony with airplanes including operating on 121.5MHz and 123,1MHz: – frequency and power measurements; carried radiophone stations operating in range (300,025-300,225) MHz (intended for river-sea vessels): – frequency and power measurements. The tester is capable to receive the MF/HF/VHF radios emission working in normal mode without any connections by means of telescopic antenna, and transmit the DSC message both by means of telescopic antenna and direct HF cable connection to DSC receiver input. Besides the tester allows to: generate the HF signals in range of 0,5 200 MHz; measure the signals frequency in range 0,1 640 MHz. The main view of tester is shown on figure 1-1.

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Figure 1-1. MRTS-7 1.1 1.2 The tester is designed to operate in range of + 0 + 45 external environments and 95% relative humidity which is connected with LCD display implementation. The tester is power supplied by external 7-10VDC power supply unit, not less 600mA load current. Attention. While using exterior power supply unit be careful to pay attention to its right polarity. The power supply units of different manufacturers have opposite polarity of external signal! The polarity of power supply unit should be the same as shown below or indicated on the bottom of testers case!

9V DCItem 1. Purpose 22.01.2007 Page 5

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

2. MAIN FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS. 2.1 Operational frequencies 2.1.1 DSC operational frequencies in SEND DSC and RECEIVE DSC modes. 2.1.1.1 MF range: 2187,5 kHz Distress frequency; 2177,0 kHz Traffic frequency; 2189,5 kHz Traffic frequency. 2.1.1.2 HF range: Distress frequencies: 4207,5 6312,0 8414,5 12577,0 16804,5 2.1.1.3 VHF range: 2.1.2 kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz Traffic frequencies: 4219,5 6331,0 8436,5 12657,0 16903,0 kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz

156,525 MHz ( ITU : CH 70 ).

Frequency range and frequency resolution in HF generation mode : Range, MHz100 – 200 25 – 100

Frequency spacing, kHz 1,0 kHz 1,0 kHz 125 Hz

2.1.3 Stability of output frequencies: Frequency setup accuracy at +20: not less 1,0 ppm ; Temperature stability of frequency in range of +5 +45: not less 1,0 ppm ; Aging rate : not more 1,0 ppm/year for first year at +20. 2.2 Levels of output signals.

2.2.1 Levels of output signals in SEND DSC mode. 2.2.1.1 NORM. POW mode: VHF range : 96 dBmkV 1 dB ; MF/HF range : 96 dBmkV 1 dB . 2.2.1.2 LOW.POW mode: VHF range : 40 dBmkV 3 dB ; MF/HF range : 40 dBmkV 3 dB .

Item 2. Main features and characteristics

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Levels of output signals in LAB KIT / RF OSC mode. F.range, MHz100 – 200 25 – 100

Output signal level 98 dBmkV 1,5 dB 98 dBmkV 1,0 dB 98 dBmkV 2,0 dB

Signal (strength) depression range: 0 – 70 dB Signal (strength) depression setup step: 2 dB Attenuation characteristic deviation* in frequency range of 2-200 MHz: not less 1 dB . *) deviation from rating value.

2.3 Input and output resistances 2.3.1 Resistance of Tx_DSC / OSC output: 2.3.2 Resistance of Rx_DSC input: 2.3.3 Resistance of Freq.Counter input: for 0,1 45 MHz range : for 45 – 640 MHz range :

(50 5) Ohm . (50 5) Ohm . (1000 100) Ohm ; (50 5) Ohm .

2.4 Max and min Level in RECEIVE DSC mode 2.4.1 Maximum signals level applied to Rx_DSC input: +20 dBmW /126 dBmkV. 2.4.2 Minimal signals level can be determined by DSC decoder : for VHF range – 40 dBmW / 66 dBmkV. for MH/HF range – 30 dBmW / 77 dBmkV. 2.4.3 linear range of logarithmic measuring instrument of received signal: (28 100) dBmkV at 1,5 dB accuracy 2.5 Testers parameters in F_COUNTER frequency counter mode. 2.5.1 Ranges of frequencies: 0,1 45 MHz with accuracy 90 Hz 45 – 640 MHz with accuracy 900 Hz 2.5.2 Sensitivity: in range ( 0,1 50) MHz : -17 dBmW / 31,6 mV / 90 dBmkV ; in range ( 50 200) MHz : + 2.5 dBmW / 300 mV / 109.5 dBmkV ; in range ( 200 640) MHz : -7 dBmW / 100 mV / 100 dBmkV;

Item 2. Main features and characteristics

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

COMPLETE SET. The complete set of tester includes the items in accordance with table 3-1. Table 3-1 # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Item name MF/HF/VHF Marine Radio Test System (MRTS 7) Power supply unit Antenna Computer cable, software Technical description and user manual Package Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 Notes

Issue number: _____________________________________ Issue date: ________________________________________ Acceptance date: ____________________________________

Item 3. Complete set

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Tester consists of three main units: receiver unit, generator unit, and controller unit. Receiver unit is intended to receive and demodulate the HF signals of MF/HF/VHF frequency ranges, and also is intended to provide the other units with stabilized voltage and connection to PC. Receiver unit consists of : superheterodyne MF/HF range with frequency adjustment 8814 and demodulator of FSK signal by means of phase-locked-loop frequency control ; superheterodyne VHF range with frequency adjustment 455 kHZ and FM-detector of counting type ; linear voltage stabilizer +10 V main primary voltage ; linear voltage stabilizer +5 V – for controller unit ; converter of negative voltage (- 4 V) to switch the pin diodes; UART USB bridge. Generator unit is intended to form the output frequency range in SEND DSC , RF OSC modes and heterodyne frequency for MF/HF/VHF receivers. The unit consists of following main subunits: temperature-compensated reference generator 16384 kHz ; phase-locked-loop frequency control circuit including the DDS former of reference frequency; 4 VCO that cover (100 200) MHz frequency range; set of 8 scalers with dev = 2 ; set of 13 semiactive filters of 7th order with pin- diode commutators ; output wide-range amplifier; resistance attenuator with relay commutator; serial-parallel counters instruction receivers from Controller unit. Controller unit is intended to control all tester operation, its connection to PC procedure, to measure the frequency. Controller units consists of: main controller, clock calendar with lithium battery power supply, FSK modem for DSC modulation/ demodulation in VHF range, frequency counter, negative voltage converter for LCD, LCD and keyboard.

Item 4. Operation

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

PREPARING FOR OPERATION AND OPERATION PROCEDURES General The tester has user-friendly interface. The tester is controlled by means of MENU and 5 independent navigation keys: , , , , Ent and 3 context-dependent keys : MAIN, OK and ESC. The vertical menu navigation is carried out by means of and keys; Confirm/choose something by means of Ent and OK, and escape, cancel or move up menu level by means of ESC key. Use the MAIN key to go directly to main menu. After the tester is turned on it displays the devices model, its serial number, software version and manufacturer. After that it is necessary to push Ent or OK key to enter the main menu. The main menu allows to choose one of following operating modes: SEND DSC RECEIVE DSC NAVTEX LAB KIT SET UP Send the DSC messages Receive the DSC messages NAVTEX test message transmission mini-lab: HF-generator, frequency counter; testers settings.

5.2 LCD Hightlight The level of LCD highlight can be changed by help of Backlight button, but it can be done only on MAIN menu. There are four levels of LCD highlight (the first highlight is turned off). The default highlight level is third. 5.3 The SEND DSC – send the DSC messages In SEND DSC menu user can choose on of following DSC message type to send: 5.3.1 TEST TRAFFIC DISTRESS CUSTOM (optional)

Menu SEND DSC > DISTRESS DISTRESS – DSC message with format specifier 112 (DISTRESS), which will be sent on specially dedicated frequencies. This message can be accepted by any maritime and coastal radio stations. Thus it is recommended to send this DSC message inly by means of cable with reduced level taking into account all safety measures to avoid false DISTRESS signal. In this menu the user can choose the operating frequency at first: VHF 156,525 MHz ( CH 70 ) MF/HF 2 187,5 kHz 4 207,5 kHz

Item 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

6 312,0 kHz 8 414,5 kHz 12 577,0 kHz 16 804,5 kHz Then the user can set up the power of output signal: NORM.POW – The normal (high) level of output signal recommended while sending by means of antenna. LOW .POW – the reduced level of output signal recommended while sending by means of cable. Menu SEND DSC > TRAFFIC TRAFFIC – DSC message with format specifier 120 (Individual call) and Category ID 100 ( Routine ) intended for exact addressee with exact MMSI number on frequencies dedicated for daily radio usage. 5.3.2 First choice the choice of range and operating frequency: MF – 2 177,0 kHz 2 189,5 kHz HF – 4 219,5 kHz 6 331,0 kHz 8 436,5 kHz 12 657,0 kHz 16 903,0 kHz Then – the choice of power level of output signal: NORM.POW – The normal (high) level of output signal recommended while sending by means of antenna. LOW .POW – the reduced level of output signal recommended while sending by means of cable. After that the message with chosen parameters and radio-addressee MMSI number are shown on LCD. The MMSI number can be changed in SET UP menu if its required. ATTENTION: It is necessary to specify (input) the correct MMSI number of tested radio station to provide the reception of the DSC message of Individual call format. Otherwise the message will sent but will not be received by this station! Menu SEND DSC > TEST TEST – DSC message with format specifier 120 (Individual call) Category ID 108 (Safety), intended for exact addressee with exact MMSI number on DISTRESS frequencies. Thus this message is very useful to test the DSC radio stations on DISTRESS frequencies without any risks of false emergency alerts. 5.3.3 As in previous cases the have to choose the operating frequency: VHF 156,525 MHz ( CH 70 ) MF/HF 2 187,5 kHz 4 207,5 kHz 6 312,0 kHzItem 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures page 11 22.01.2007

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

8 414,5 kHz 12 577,0 kHz 16 804,5 kHz Then – to choose the power level of output signal:: NORM.POW – The normal (high) level of output signal recommended while sending by means of antenna. LOW .POW – the reduced level of output signal recommended while sending by means of cable. ATTENTION: It is necessary to specify (input) the correct MMSI number of tested radio station to provide the reception of the DSC message of Individual call format. Otherwise the message will sent but will not be received by this station! 5.4 Menu RECEIVE DSC – Receive the DSC messages In RECEIVE DSC mode tester receive and decode DSC message in DISTRESS ( 112 ) INDIVIDUAL CALL ( 120 ) formats; the messages of other formats are not to be decoded as the tester is not the DSC receiver station and intended only to check the operation of DSC equipment. First of all it is necessary to set up (choose) the range and operating frequency from the set or the DISTRESS frequency. VHF – 156,525 MHz ( CH 70 ) HF – DISTRESS : 4 207,5 kHz 6 312,0 kHz 8 414,5 kHz 12 577,0 kHz 16 804,5 kHz TRAFIC :. 4 219,5 kHz 6 331,0 kHz 8 436,5 kHz 12 657,0 kHz 16 903,0 kHz MF – DISTRESS : 2 187,5 kHz TRAFIC : 2 177,0 kHz 2 189,5 kHz After the frequency is chosen tester goes to received mode (waiting for message) and displays: WAITING FOR A SIGNAL . When the tester detects coming DSC message it gives the sound alert. After the message is received the tester will display on LCD the decoded information, also the received and calculated checksum (ECC) and power level are displayed too. The received data such as the signal power level, operating frequency, date and time of tests, message contents can be saved by pressing the SAVE key of contextual menu. If you would like to escape the waiting mode manually just press one of the Ent, OK, MAIN or ESC keys.Item 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

5.5 Menu LAB-KIT – mini-laboratory In LAB-KIT mode the following instrument can be chosen: RF OSC – HF signal generator ; F COUNTER – Frequency counter. DEVIATION – frequency deviation measurement on 6, 13, 16 and 70th channels of VHF range. 5.5.1 Menu LAB-KIT > RF OSC In LAB-KIT > RF OSC mode the tester becomes the multi-purpose HF generato. The first user choice frequency range setup: 100 200 MHz – frequency tuning step 1 kHz ; 25 100 MHz – frequency tuning step 1 kHz ; 2 25 MHz . – frequency tuning step 125 ; Then the operating frequency can be setup by means of digital keypad: the number position can be changes by moving of the lower cursor by means of and keys. Use the context-dependent keys – DF and +DF (Delta Frequency) to change up or down the frequency by minimal allowed frequency tuning step for this range. The last used frequency will be saved in memory after leaving the range to other menu and will be setup automatically when this range is chosen again. The last used frequency meanings of all three ranges will be saved in memory until the tester is turned on. The level of output signal can be setup by means of (Up) or (Down) keays in range of minimal ( 0 dB ) and maximal (-70 dB) meaning by step of 2 dB . 5.5.2 Menu LAB-KIT > F-COUNTER The LAB-KIT > F-COUNTER mode is the multi-purpose frequency counter which is capable to measure the frequency in range of 100 kHz to 640 MHz from separate input: Freq. Counter. Two frequency ranges can be chosen: 0,1 – 45 MHz 45 – 640 MHz Or self-test SELF TEST mode which is intended to measure the frequency of built-in high-stable temperature-compensated TCXO oscillator. The meaning of (16 384 000 2) Hz is correct and indicates normal conditions. After the frequency range is chosen press the Ent key to start the measurements; each further key will show the next new measurement. Measurement interval time – 0,1 second. 5.5.3 Menu LAB-KIT > DEVIATION This mode allows to measure the frequency deviation in VHF range on following channels: : CH-06 156,300 MHzItem 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures page 13 22.01.2007

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

CH-13 156,650 MHz CH-16 156,800 MHz CH-70 156,525 MHz. The measurements are carried out in automatic mode; the deviation meaning (DEV) and received signal level (RSSI) are displayed on LCD. The deviation measurement range is limited by pass band of phase-locked-loop frequency control and can not be more then 7kHz. At signal level of 100* mkV / 40 dBuV the frequency detector is overloaded by noises and the deviation meaning tends to maximum (6,97.0 kHz), this should be taken into account during measurements. 5.6 Menu SET UP – testers setting In SET UP menu the following parameters can be setup: SELF TEST – self-test of tester; EDIT MMSI – edit the MMSI number of radio station addressee. It is important that this number is equal to MMSI number of radio station to be checked by sending of DSC messages of Individual call ( TEST TRAFIC) format; PC LINK – provides the connection to PC. 5.6.1 Menu SET UP > PC LINK The tester can be connected to PC USB port by means of integral bridge USB UART (USB Serial Converter) FTDI – FT232R. The freeware soft distributed by FTDI will create virtual COM-port to establish the connection with device. Thus it is necessary to install the software and FT232R drivers on your computer. Attention: All drivers etc can be found at our website: www.gmdsstesters.com in Download section. Software includes: MRTS7_software ZIP archive of original developer software distributive. CDM 2.00.00 folder with FT232R drivers; Windows_XP_Installation_Guide the detailes step-by-step drivers installation manual. The recommended installation order as follows: 1. Unzip the archive to any folder on a hard disk. 2. Run the MRTS-7 software vX.X. 3. Connect the tester and the PC by means of USB cable available in standard compete set and turn on the power. 4. PC will show the message that new USB device was and will to setup the drivers. Choose the exact folder and set the path to CDM 2.00.00 folder 5. Enter the testers menu SET UP > PC LINK and press the button Download data in MRTS-7 software . 6. In the appeared Download data window choose the Init Port and then – COMX,

where X- is number of emulated COM-port (usually in range of 3.11). The push theDownload button. The data transfer will be started. 7. After the data is received it can be viewed by means of green arrows at the right top of software window.Item 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures page 14 22.01.2007

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Menu NAVTEX transmission of the NAVTEX test message

First of all, it necessary to choose the one of three frequencies intended for usage by NAVTEX system: 518,0 kHz 490,0 kHz 4209,5 kHz Then choose the signals power and transmit the message: DD HH MM UTC SEP 07 (DD-current date, HH MM current time) TEST FROM MRTS-7 NNNN The message is transmitted with where the XX number from 00 to 99, increased every time the message transmitted. After the tester is powered off the number is set to 00.

Item 5. Preparation for operation and operating procedures

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MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7) Technical description and user manual

Operation guideline Testers self-test Send the DSC message of DISTRESS format on MF/HF/VHF See picture 6.1. Attention ! During the tests of DSC radio station be careful and pay attention to avoid the false emergency alert signals emission! Thus in SEND DSC > DISTRESS mode it is strongly recommended to connect the tester by means of cable and choose the minimal power level of transmitted signal (LOW.POW).

MF/HF/VHF DSC Marine Radio Test System (MRTS-7)Back Light

9 6 3EntRx DSC Tx DSC / Osc

Понятие mrts в экономике с формулами – функции, понятия и определения

В современном обществе ни один человек не может потреблять только то, что он производит. Чтобы наилучшим образом удовлетворить свои потребности, люди вынуждены обмениваться тем, что они производят. Без постоянного производства товаров не было бы потребления. Поэтому большой интерес представляет анализ закономерностей, действующих в процессе производства товаров, которые затем формируют их предложение на рынке.

Процесс производства является фундаментальной и оригинальной концепцией экономики. Что имеется в виду под производством?

Всем известно, что производство товаров и услуг с нуля невозможно. Для производства мебели, продуктов питания, одежды и других товаров необходимы соответствующие исходные материалы, оборудование, помещения, земельный участок и специалисты, организующие производство. Все, что необходимо для организации производственного процесса, называется факторами производства. Традиционно к факторам производства относятся капитал, труд, земля и предпринимательство.

Для организации производственного процесса необходимо наличие необходимых факторов производства в определенном количестве. Зависимость максимального количества произведенного продукта от используемых факторов называется производственной функцией.

Производственные функции, основные понятия и определения

Материальную основу любой экономики составляет производство. Степень развития производства страны определяет экономику страны в целом.

Источниками любого производства, в свою очередь, являются ресурсы, имеющиеся в распоряжении общества. “Ресурсы – это средства труда, предметы труда, деньги, товары или люди для настоящего или будущего использования.

Таким образом, факторами производства являются совокупность тех природных, материальных, социальных и интеллектуальных сил (ресурсов), которые могут быть использованы в процессе создания товаров, услуг и других ценностей. Иными словами, факторами производства являются те вещи, которые оказывают определенное влияние на само производство.

В экономической теории ресурсы обычно делятся на три группы:

1. труд – совокупность физических и умственных способностей человека, которая может быть использована в процессе производства товара или оказания услуги.
2. капитал (физический) – здания, сооружения, машины, оборудование, транспорт, необходимый для производства.
3. природные ресурсы – земля и ее недра, водные объекты, леса и др. Все, что может быть использовано в производстве в натуральном, необработанном виде.

Именно наличие или отсутствие факторов производства в стране определяет ее экономическое развитие. В определенном смысле факторы производства являются потенциалом для экономического роста. Общая ситуация в экономике страны зависит от того, как используются эти факторы.

MRTS – это скорость маржинального замещения одного вида фактора производства другим. Он сохраняет состояние неизменности самого производства.

Факторы производства

Факторами производства являются ресурсы экономики, необходимые для производства товаров.

Долгое время экономика различала факторы производства: землю, труд и капитал. В преддверии перехода к постиндустриальному обществу были добавлены предпринимательские таланты и информация. Земля используется в производстве и как источник ресурсов, и как площадь для размещения хозяйственных единиц. Капитал может быть материальным и финансовым, но обязательно должен приносить доход. Труд – это целенаправленное действие человека, направленное на получение необходимых ему благ.

Соотношение MRTS и TP

ТП или маржинальный продукт напрямую связан с маржинальной скоростью замещения. Если любой из этих факторов уменьшается, то выход уменьшается. Чтобы предотвратить это, необходимо добавить объем другого фактора. Движение изокванта вниз показывает снижение замещения по мере того, как маржинальный продукт одного фактора постепенно замещается маржинальным продуктом другого.

Формула MRTS в экономике

MRTS – это скорость маржинального замещения одного вида фактора производства другим. Он сохраняет состояние неизменности самого производства.

Рассмотрим норму предельного замещения капитала трудом:

Где К – капитал, а L – труд.

Эта формула показывает предельное замещение капитала на труд в случае, если кривая возможности производства фирмы или изокванта остается неизменной.

Рисунок 1: Формула.

Изоквант на рисунке показывает различные комбинации коэффициентов отношения капитала к труду в производственном процессе, в то время как выпуск остается постоянным.

1. Экономическая теория
2. Экономика

• Рынок маркетинговой информации – история развития, формирование, исследование и секторы
• Организационно-правовые формы малого предпринимательства – характеристики и определения
• Экономика безопасности труда – сущность, меры по повышению безопасности и определения
• Промышленность Исландии – характеристики и промышленное развитие
• Потребности – определение, особенности, структура и преимущества
• Роль государственного сектора экономики в современном мире и в России – концепция и роли в экономиках
• Экономические проблемы Испании – описание и характеристики
• План и результаты пятой пятилетки (1951-1955 гг.) – цели, основы, задачи, особенности и результат

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